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sound business judgment

  • 1 sound business judgment

    sound business judgment GEN, LAW vernünftige kaufmännische Beurteilung f (cf business judgement rule; das UMAG, Gesetz zur Unternehmensintegrität und Modernisierung des Anfechtungsrechts vom 22.9.2005, regelt erstmalig die Anforderungen an unternehmerische Entscheidungen, z. B. die Ermessensspielräume angesichts konfligierender Interessen bei Unternehmensübernahmen, handelsrechtlichen Bewertungsvorschriften)

    Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > sound business judgment

  • 2 sound business judgment

    Англо-русский юридический словарь > sound business judgment

  • 3 sound

    sound [saʊnd]
    bruit ⇒ 1 (a) son ⇒ 1 (a)-(d) musique ⇒ 1 (e) sonde ⇒ 1 (g), 1 (h) solide ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c) en bon état ⇒ 3 (a) sain ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (b) en bonne santé ⇒ 3 (b) sensé ⇒ 3 (c) valable ⇒ 3 (c) bon ⇒ 3 (c), 3 (d) profond ⇒ 3 (e) sonore ⇒ 4 sonner ⇒ 6 (a), 7 (a) prononcer ⇒ 6 (b) ausculter ⇒ 6 (c) sonder ⇒ 6 (c)-(e) résonner ⇒ 7 (a) retentir ⇒ 7 (a) sembler ⇒ 7 (c)
    1 noun
    (a) (noise → of footsteps, thunder, conversation) bruit m; (→ of voice, musical instrument) son m;
    ∎ I was woken by the sound of voices/laughter j'ai été réveillé par un bruit de voix/par des éclats de rires;
    ∎ the sound of a dog barking/a door closing le bruit d'un chien qui aboie/d'une porte qui se ferme;
    ∎ a scratching sound un grattement;
    ∎ a grating sound un grincement;
    ∎ don't make a sound! surtout ne faites pas de bruit!;
    ∎ they tiptoed out without (making) a sound ils sont sortis sur la pointe des pieds sans faire de bruit;
    ∎ there was not a sound to be heard on n'entendait pas le moindre bruit;
    ∎ I love the sound of her voice j'adore le son de sa voix;
    ∎ the plaintive sound of the bagpipes le son plaintif de la cornemuse;
    ∎ within (the) sound of the church bells à portée du son des cloches de l'église
    (b) Physics son m;
    ∎ light travels faster than sound la lumière se déplace plus vite que le son;
    ∎ the speed of sound la vitesse du son
    (c) Linguistics son m;
    ∎ it's a similar sound to the Scots "ch" c'est un son qui ressemble au "ch" écossais;
    ∎ the English vowel sounds les sons mpl vocaliques de l'anglais
    (d) Radio & Television son m;
    ∎ the sound is very poor le son est mauvais;
    ∎ to turn the sound up/down monter/baisser le son ou volume
    (e) (type of music) style m de musique, musique f;
    ∎ the Liverpool sound la musique de Liverpool;
    ∎ a brand new sound has hit the charts un son complètement nouveau a fait son entrée au hit-parade
    (f) (impression, idea)
    ∎ I don't like the sound of these new measures ces nouvelles mesures ne me disent rien qui vaille;
    ∎ it's pretty easy by the sound of it ça a l'air assez facile;
    ∎ he's angry by the sound of it on dirait bien qu'il est fâché
    (g) Medicine (probe) sonde f
    (h) Nautical (sounding line) (ligne f de) sonde f
    (i) Geography (channel) détroit m, bras m de mer
    (j) Ichthyology (air bladder) vessie f natatoire
    familiar (music) zizique f, zicmu f
    (a) (structure, building, wall → sturdy) solide; (→ in good condition) en bon état, sain;
    ∎ built on sound foundations construit sur des fondations solides
    (b) (healthy → person) en bonne santé; (→ body, mind, limbs) sain;
    ∎ to be of sound mind être sain d'esprit;
    ∎ sound in body and mind sain de corps et d'esprit;
    ∎ to be as sound as a bell être en parfaite santé;
    ∎ to be sound of wind and limb avoir bon pied bon œil
    (c) (solid, well-founded → advice, idea, strategy) sensé, judicieux; (→ argument, claim) valable, fondé, solide; (→ reason) valable; (→ basis, knowledge) solide; (→ manager, musician, lawyer etc) compétent, fiable; (→ investment) sûr; (→ company, business) solide;
    ∎ to show sound judgment faire preuve de jugement;
    ∎ do you think that was a sound move? croyez-vous que c'était une décision judicieuse;
    ∎ a sound piece of advice un bon conseil;
    ∎ we need somebody with a sound grasp of the subject il nous faut quelqu'un ayant de solides connaissances en la matière;
    ∎ my knowledge of German history isn't too sound mes connaissances en ce qui concerne l'histoire de l'Allemagne laissent à désirer;
    ∎ his grammar's pretty sound il a de bonnes bases en grammaire;
    ∎ it makes good sound sense c'est tout à fait raisonnable;
    ∎ Crawford seems a sound enough chap Crawford semble être quelqu'un en qui on peut avoir confiance;
    ∎ is she politically sound? ses convictions politiques sont-elles solides?;
    ∎ ecologically sound legislation législation f juste du point de vue écologique;
    ∎ sound financial position situation f financière saine;
    ∎ British familiar sound (as a pound)! super!, génial!
    (d) (severe → defeat) total; (→ hiding) bon;
    ∎ he needs a sound thrashing il a besoin d'une bonne correction
    (e) (deep → sleep) profond;
    ∎ I'm a very sound sleeper j'ai le sommeil profond
    (level, recording) sonore; (broadcasting) radiophonique; Linguistics (change) phonologique
    ∎ to be sound asleep dormir profondément ou à poings fermés
    (a) (bell) sonner; (wind instrument) sonner de;
    ∎ the huntsman sounded his horn le chasseur sonna du cor;
    ∎ to sound the horn klaxonner;
    ∎ the driver behind me sounded his horn le conducteur derrière moi a klaxonné;
    ∎ also figurative to sound the alarm sonner ou donner l'alarme;
    ∎ they sounded the church bells ils sonnèrent les cloches;
    ∎ the bugler sounded the reveille le clairon sonna le réveil;
    ∎ to sound a warning lancer un avertissement
    (b) (pronounce) prononcer;
    ∎ the "p" isn't sounded le "p" ne se prononce pas;
    ∎ he doesn't sound his aitches il ne prononce pas ses "h"
    (c) Medicine (chest, lungs) ausculter; (cavity, passage) sonder
    (d) Nautical sonder
    (e) (person) sonder;
    ∎ to sound public opinion sonder l'opinion publique;
    ∎ I'll try to sound their feelings on the matter j'essaierai de connaître leur sentiment à cet égard
    (a) (make a sound) sonner, résonner, retentir;
    ∎ it sounds hollow if you tap it ça sonne creux lorsqu'on tape dessus;
    ∎ their voices sounded very loud in the empty house leurs voix résonnaient bruyamment dans la maison vide;
    ∎ sirens sounded in the streets des sirènes retentissaient dans les rues;
    ∎ if the alarm sounds, run si vous entendez l'alarme, enfuyez-vous
    (b) British (be pronounced) se prononcer;
    ∎ in English words are rarely spelt as they sound en anglais, les mots s'écrivent rarement comme ils se prononcent
    (c) (seem) sembler, paraître;
    ∎ he sounded sad il semblait triste;
    ∎ he sounded bored il semblait s'ennuyer;
    ∎ the name sounded French le nom avait l'air d'être ou sonnait français;
    ∎ she sounds French elle a l'air d'être française;
    ∎ the translation still sounds a bit French la traduction sonne toujours un peu français;
    ∎ it doesn't sound very interesting to me ça ne m'a pas l'air très intéressant;
    ∎ "attractive four-bedroomed house", how does that sound? "belle maison avec quatre chambres à coucher", qu'est-ce que tu en penses?;
    ∎ (that) sounds like a good idea ça semble être une bonne idée;
    ∎ two weeks in Crete, that sounds nice! deux semaines en Crète, pas mal du tout!;
    ∎ that sounds like trouble! voilà les ennuis!;
    ∎ it sounds like Mozart on dirait du Mozart;
    ∎ you sound as though or as if or like you've got a cold on dirait que tu es enrhumé;
    ∎ it sounds to me as though they don't want to do it j'ai l'impression qu'ils ne veulent pas le faire;
    ∎ it doesn't sound to me as though they want to do it je n'ai pas l'impression qu'ils veuillent le faire;
    ∎ you sound just like your brother on the phone tu as la même voix que ton frère ou on dirait vraiment ton frère au téléphone;
    ∎ it's an instrument which sounds rather like a flute c'est un instrument dont le son ressemble assez à ou est assez proche de la flûte;
    ∎ that sounds like the postman now je crois entendre le facteur
    ►► sound archives phonothèque f;
    ∎ a recording from the BBC sound archives un enregistrement qui vient des archives de la BBC;
    sound barrier mur m du son;
    ∎ to break the sound barrier franchir le mur du son;
    Music sound box caisse f de résonance;
    Computing sound card carte f son;
    sound check soundcheck m;
    Cinema, Television & Radio sound crew équipe f du son;
    sound effects bruitage m;
    Radio sound effects person bruiteur-(euse) m,f;
    sound engineer ingénieur m du son;
    sound hole (of violin, viola etc) ouïe f, esse f; (of guitar, lute etc) rosace f, rose f;
    sound mixer table f ou console f de mixage;
    sound reel bande f son;
    Linguistics sound shift mutation f phonologique;
    sound studio auditorium m ou studio m d'enregistrement;
    sound system (hi-fi) chaîne f hifi; (PA system) sonorisation f;
    sound wave onde f sonore
    (a) (declare one's opinions) crier son opinion sur tous les toits; (complain) râler;
    ∎ he's always sounding off about the management il est toujours à râler contre la direction;
    ∎ to sound off at sb (angrily) passer un savon à qn
    (b) (boast) se vanter□
    (person, public opinion) sonder;
    ∎ the company is sounding out potential buyers la compagnie sonde les acheteurs potentiels
    ✾ Book 'The Sound and the Fury' Faulkner 'Le Bruit et la fureur'
    ✾ Film 'The Sound of Music' Wise 'La Mélodie du bonheur'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > sound

  • 4 soundness sound·ness n

    ['saʊndnɪs]
    (of body, mind) sanità, (of argument, judgment) validità, (of business, building) solidità, (solvency) solvibilità

    English-Italian dictionary > soundness sound·ness n

  • 5 unsound un·sound adj

    [ʌn'saʊnd]
    (health) debole, cagionevole, (in construction: floor, foundations) malsicuro (-a), (argument) che non regge, (opinion) poco fondato (-a), (policy, advice) poco sensato (-a), (judgment, investment) poco sicuro (-a), (business) poco solido (-a)

    English-Italian dictionary > unsound un·sound adj

  • 6 vernünftige kaufmännische Beurteilung

    vernünftige kaufmännische Beurteilung f GEN, RECHT, RW reasonable commercial assessment, sound business judgment (z. B. die handelsrechtlichen Bewertungsvorschriften)
    * * *
    f <Geschäft, Rechnung> reasonable commercial assessment

    Business german-english dictionary > vernünftige kaufmännische Beurteilung

  • 7 kaufmännisch

    kaufmännisch adj GEN commercial
    * * *
    adj < Geschäft> commercial
    * * *
    kaufmännisch
    commercial, mercantile, trading, businesslike;
    • nicht kaufmännisch non-mercantile;
    • kaufmännisch ausgebildet brought up in business;
    • nicht kaufmännisch beschäftigt non-trading;
    • kaufmännisch gewandt sein to have a head for business;
    • kaufmännisch tätig sein to be in business (the trade), to be engaged in business;
    • kaufmännisches Akzepthaus merchant bank[er] (Br.);
    • kaufmännischer Angestellter clerk, employee;
    • kaufmännische Ausbildung commercial education, business training (education, study);
    • kaufmännischer Beruf commercial profession, business occupation;
    • kaufmännischen Beruf ergreifen to go into business, to turn merchant;
    • einer kaufmännischen Betätigung nachgehen to be engaged in commercial activities;
    • kaufmännischer Betrieb business enterprise, commercial establishment;
    • kaufmännische Beziehungen business connections;
    • kaufmännische Buchführung merchant’s accounts;
    • kaufmännische Denkweise business thinking;
    • kaufmännisches Fach commercial line;
    • kaufmännische Fähigkeiten business acumen (ability, accomplishments);
    • kaufmännische Gepflogenheiten customs of merchants;
    • nach kaufmännischen Gesichtspunkten from a commercial point of view, businesslike;
    • kaufmännische Grundsätze business principles;
    • kaufmännische Handschrift business hand;
    • kaufmännische Interessen commercial interests;
    • kaufmännische Korrespondenz business correspondence;
    • kaufmännischer Kredit commercial loan;
    • im ordenlichen kaufmännischen Leben üblich sein to be consistent with sound commercial practice;
    • kaufmännische Lehre apprenticeship;
    • kaufmännischer Lehrgang commercial course;
    • kaufmännischer Lehrling business trainee, apprentice;
    • kaufmännischer Leiter commercial manager;
    • kaufmännisches Personal office employees, staff, personnel;
    • kaufmännisches Rechnen commercial arithmetic;
    • kaufmännisches Thema commercial subject;
    • kaufmännisches Unternehmen trading corporation;
    • kaufmännisches Urteilsvermögen business judgment;
    • kaufmännisch übliche Vereinbarung ordinary commercial arrangement;
    • kaufmännischer Werdegang business-training background;
    • kaufmännisches Zurückbehaltungsrecht right of stoppage in transit.

    Business german-english dictionary > kaufmännisch

  • 8 snap

    snæp
    1. past tense, past participle - snapped; verb
    1) ((with at) to make a biting movement, to try to grasp with the teeth: The dog snapped at his ankles.) intentar morder
    2) (to break with a sudden sharp noise: He snapped the stick in half; The handle of the cup snapped off.) partir
    3) (to (cause to) make a sudden sharp noise, in moving etc: The lid snapped shut.) chasquear, hacer/producir un ruido seco
    4) (to speak in a sharp especially angry way: `Mind your own business!' he snapped.) regañar, hablar con brusquedad
    5) (to take a photograph of: He snapped the children playing in the garden.) sacar una foto

    2. noun
    1) ((the noise of) an act of snapping: There was a loud snap as his pencil broke.) ruido seco
    2) (a photograph; a snapshot: He wanted to show us his holiday snaps.) foto instantánea
    3) (a kind of simple card game: They were playing snap.) juego de naipes

    3. adjective
    (done, made etc quickly: a snap decision.) precipitado, repentino
    - snappily
    - snappiness
    - snapshot
    - snap one's fingers
    - snap up
    snap1 n
    1. chasquido / ruido seco
    2. foto
    do you want to see my holiday snaps? ¿quieres ver las fotos de mis vacaciones? snap es también un juego de cartas en el que los jugadores van poniendo cartas sobre la mesa, y si salen dos del mismo número el primero que cante snap se las lleva todas. El que se quede sin cartas es eliminado; gana el que quede cuando los demás estén eliminados
    snap2 vb
    1. romper / romperse
    2. intentar morder
    3. decir bruscamente / contestar bruscamente
    there's no need to snap! ¡no hay motivo para contestarme así!
    tr[snæp]
    1 (sharp noise) ruido seco; (of fingers, branch) chasquido
    2 familiar (snapshot) foto nombre femenino, instantánea
    4 familiar (eagerness, zip) afán nombre masculino, brío, energía
    5 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (easy thing to do) cosa tirada
    ■ it's a snap está chupado, está tirado
    6 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (press-stud) broche nombre masculino a presión
    1 (decision etc) precipitado,-a, repentino,-a
    1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL ¡toma!, ¡caramba!
    1 (break) partir en dos, romper en dos
    2 (close) cerrar de golpe
    3 (click) chasquear
    4 (say sharply) decir bruscamente
    5 familiar (photograph) sacar una foto de
    1 (break) romperse, partirse
    2 figurative use (person) perder los nervios, sufrir una crisis nerviosa
    3 (speak sharply) regañar (at, a), hablar con brusquedad (at, a)
    ■ there's no need to snap! ¡no hace falta morder!
    4 (bite) morder (at, -)
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    snap to it! ¡rápido!, ¡muévete!
    to go snap romperse
    to snap out of it animarse, reaccionar
    to snap somebody's head off echarle un rapapolvo a alguien
    to snap shut cerrarse de golpe
    snap ['snæp] v, snapped ; snapping vi
    1) : intentar morder (dícese de un perro, etc.), picar (dícese de un pez)
    2) : hablar con severidad
    he snapped at me!: ¡me gritó!
    3) break: romperse, quebrarse (haciendo un chasquido)
    snap vt
    1) break: partir (en dos), quebrar
    2) : hacer (algo) de un golpe
    to snap open: abrir de golpe
    3) retort: decir bruscamente
    4) click: chasquear
    to snap one's fingers: chasquear los dedos
    snap n
    1) click, crack: chasquido m
    2) fastener: broche m
    3) cinch: cosa f fácil
    it's a snap: es facilísimo
    adj.
    • repentino, -a adj.
    n.
    • castañetazo s.m.
    • chasquido s.m.
    • chulería s.f.
    • cosa fácil s.f.
    • cucaña s.f.
    • fotografía s.f.
    v.
    • castañetear v.
    • chasquear v.
    • romper v.

    I snæp
    1) c ( sound) chasquido m, ruido m seco
    a) ( on clothes) broche m or botón m de presión (AmL), (cierre m) automático m (Esp)
    b) (on handbag, necklace) broche m
    3) c ( photo) (colloq) foto f, instantánea f
    4) c ( Meteo)
    5) u (BrE)
    a) ( card game) juego de baraja en el que se canta `snap' cada vez que aparecen dos cartas iguales
    b) (as interj) (colloq)

    I got 83% - snap! (so did I) — yo saqué un 83% - chócate ésa or chócatela or chócala (, yo también)!

    6) ( easy task) (AmE colloq) (no pl)

    it's a snap — es facilísimo; está tirado (fam), es una papa or un bollo (RPl fam), es chancaca (Chi fam)


    II
    1.
    - pp- transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( break) partir

    she snapped the lid/book shut — cerró la tapa/el libro de un golpe; finger I

    2) ( utter sharply) decir* bruscamente

    shut up, he snapped — -cállate -dijo bruscamente

    3) ( photograph) \<\<person/thing\>\> sacarle* una foto a

    2.
    vi
    1) ( bite)
    2)
    a) ( break) \<\<twigs/branch\>\> romperse*, quebrarse* (esp AmL); \<\<elastic\>\> romperse*

    it just snapped off in my hand — se me partió or (esp AmL) se me quebró en la mano

    b) ( click)

    to snap shut — cerrarse* (con un clic)

    3) ( speak sharply) hablar con brusquedad

    sorry, I didn't mean to snap — perdona, no quise saltar así

    to snap out of it — ( of depression) animarse, reaccionar; (of lethargy, inertia) espabilarse

    snap out of it! — anímate!, reacciona!

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    III
    adjective <decision/judgment> precipitado, repentino
    [snæp]
    1. N
    1) (=sound) golpe m, ruido m seco; [of sth breaking, of whip, of fingers] chasquido m

    it shut with a snap — se cerró de golpe, se cerró con un ruido seco

    2) (=photograph) foto f
    3) (=short period)
    4) (=attempt to bite)
    5) * (=energy) vigor m, energía f

    put some snap into it! — ¡menearse!

    6)

    it's a snap — (US) * (=easy) eso está tirado *, es muy fácil

    2.
    ADJ (=sudden) repentino, sin aviso

    snap decision — decisión f instantánea

    snap answer — respuesta f sin pensar, respuesta f instantánea

    snap judgement — juicio m instantáneo

    3. VT
    1) (=break) partir, quebrar (esp LAm)
    2) (=click) chasquear

    to snap one's fingers at sb/sth — (fig) burlarse de algn/algo

    3)

    "be quiet!" she snapped — -¡cállate! -espetó ella enojada

    4) (Phot) sacar una foto de
    4. VI
    1) (=break) [elastic] romperse
    2) (=make sound) [whip] chasquear
    3)

    to snap at sb — [person] regañar a algn; [dog] intentar morder a algn

    don't snap at me! — ¡a mí no me hables en ese tono!

    4) (=move energetically)
    5.
    ADV

    snap! — ¡crac!

    6.
    EXCL ¡lo mismo!; (=me too) ¡yo también!
    7.
    CPD

    snap bean (US) N — judía f verde, ejote m (Mex), poroto m verde (And, S. Cone), chaucha f (Arg)

    snap fastener N — (US) cierre m (automático)

    snap pea — tirabeque m, arveja f china

    * * *

    I [snæp]
    1) c ( sound) chasquido m, ruido m seco
    a) ( on clothes) broche m or botón m de presión (AmL), (cierre m) automático m (Esp)
    b) (on handbag, necklace) broche m
    3) c ( photo) (colloq) foto f, instantánea f
    4) c ( Meteo)
    5) u (BrE)
    a) ( card game) juego de baraja en el que se canta `snap' cada vez que aparecen dos cartas iguales
    b) (as interj) (colloq)

    I got 83% - snap! (so did I) — yo saqué un 83% - chócate ésa or chócatela or chócala (, yo también)!

    6) ( easy task) (AmE colloq) (no pl)

    it's a snap — es facilísimo; está tirado (fam), es una papa or un bollo (RPl fam), es chancaca (Chi fam)


    II
    1.
    - pp- transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( break) partir

    she snapped the lid/book shut — cerró la tapa/el libro de un golpe; finger I

    2) ( utter sharply) decir* bruscamente

    shut up, he snapped — -cállate -dijo bruscamente

    3) ( photograph) \<\<person/thing\>\> sacarle* una foto a

    2.
    vi
    1) ( bite)
    2)
    a) ( break) \<\<twigs/branch\>\> romperse*, quebrarse* (esp AmL); \<\<elastic\>\> romperse*

    it just snapped off in my hand — se me partió or (esp AmL) se me quebró en la mano

    b) ( click)

    to snap shut — cerrarse* (con un clic)

    3) ( speak sharply) hablar con brusquedad

    sorry, I didn't mean to snap — perdona, no quise saltar así

    to snap out of it — ( of depression) animarse, reaccionar; (of lethargy, inertia) espabilarse

    snap out of it! — anímate!, reacciona!

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    III
    adjective <decision/judgment> precipitado, repentino

    English-spanish dictionary > snap

  • 9 snap

    I 1. [snæp]
    1) (cracking sound) (of branch) schianto m., colpo m. secco; (of fingers, elastic) schiocco m.

    with a sudden snap of his jaws, the fox... — chiudendo di scatto la bocca, la volpe

    3) fot. colloq. foto f.
    4) gioc. = gioco di carte simile al rubamazzo
    5) colloq. (vigour) brio m., energia f.
    2.
    aggettivo [decision, judgment] improvviso, veloce
    3.

    snap! we're wearing the same tie! — colloq. toh (guarda), abbiamo la cravatta uguale!

    II 1. [snæp]
    verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - pp-)
    1) (click) fare schioccare [fingers, elastic]; fare scattare, chiudere di scatto [ jaws]

    to snap sth. shut — chiudere di colpo qcs

    2) (break) spezzare, rompere

    "stop it!" he snapped — "smettila!" disse con tono seccato

    4) fot. colloq. scattare una foto a
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - pp-)
    1) (break) [ branch] spezzarsi di schianto; [ elastic] rompersi; [ rope] spezzarsi
    2) fig. (lose control) [ person] perdere il controllo

    to snap open, shut — aprirsi, chiudersi di scatto

    4) (speak sharply) parlare duramente
    •
    ••

    snap out of it! — colloq. reagisci!

    snap to it! — colloq. sbrigati!

    to snap to attention — mil. scattare sull'attenti

    * * *
    [snæp] 1. past tense, past participle - snapped; verb
    1) ((with at) to make a biting movement, to try to grasp with the teeth: The dog snapped at his ankles.) (tentare di mordere)
    2) (to break with a sudden sharp noise: He snapped the stick in half; The handle of the cup snapped off.) spezzare, spezzarsi
    3) (to (cause to) make a sudden sharp noise, in moving etc: The lid snapped shut.) sbattere
    4) (to speak in a sharp especially angry way: `Mind your own business!' he snapped.) gridare
    5) (to take a photograph of: He snapped the children playing in the garden.) fotografare
    2. noun
    1) ((the noise of) an act of snapping: There was a loud snap as his pencil broke.) colpo, schiocco
    2) (a photograph; a snapshot: He wanted to show us his holiday snaps.) foto
    3) (a kind of simple card game: They were playing snap.) rubamazzo
    3. adjective
    (done, made etc quickly: a snap decision.) improvviso
    - snappily
    - snappiness
    - snapshot
    - snap one's fingers
    - snap up
    * * *
    snap /snæp/
    A n.
    1 colpo secco; scatto; schiocco; schianto: The branch broke with a snap, il ramo si è spezzato di schianto; the snap of a whip, lo schiocco di una frusta
    2 brusca rottura; lo spezzarsi ( di un ramo, ecc.)
    3 morso; atto di mordere (o d'azzannare): to make a snap at sb., tentare d'azzannare q.
    4 fermaglio; fibbia; gancio
    5 [u] (fig. fam.) brio; vivacità; verve (franc.): He lacks snap, manca di brio, di vivacità
    7 (abbr. fam. di snapshot) istantanea; foto: my holiday snaps, le mie foto delle vacanze
    8 biscotto croccante; croccantino: ginger snaps, croccantini aromatizzati con zenzero
    9 ( USA) = snap fastener ► sotto
    10 [u] (fam.) energia; spinta (fig.); Put a bit of snap in it!, mettici un po' di energia!; datti un po' di spinta!
    11 (fam. USA) cosa facilissima; bazzecola
    12 (ingl. sett.) pasto nel panierino; pasto in fabbrica
    B a. attr.
    1 ( di congegno, fermaglio) a scatto; a molla; automatico
    2 improvviso; repentino: a snap decision, una decisione improvvisa (o repentina); (polit.) a snap vote, una votazione indetta a tamburo battente
    C inter.
    (fam.) ma guarda; che coincidenza; anch'io; tale e quale!
    ● (elettr.) snap-action switch, interruttore a scatto rapido □ snap closure, chiusura a scatto □ snap fastener, bottone automatico; automatico □ snap hook, gancio a molla; moschettone □ (aeron.) snap roll, mulinello; tonneau (franc.) □ snap judgment, giudizio dato su due piedi; giudizio avventato □ a snap lock, una serratura a scatto □ snap reaction, reazione immediata (o istintiva) □ snap ring (o snap-shackle), (mecc.) anello elastico; ( alpinismo) moschettone □ snap-shot, colpo sparato senza prendere la mira; tiro veloce ( con la pistola, ecc.); ( calcio, ecc.) tiro improvviso □ (elettr.) snap-switch = snap-action switch ► sopra □ to call sb. with a snap of one's fingers, chiamare q. schioccando le dita □ to speak with a snap, parlare in tono brusco.
    ♦ (to) snap /snæp/
    v. t. e i.
    1 afferrare coi denti; addentare; azzannare; fare l'atto di mordere: Your dog is vicious: he snarls and snaps, il tuo cane è cattivo: ringhia e fa l'atto di mordere
    2 rompere, rompersi; spezzare, spezzarsi ( con uno schiocco): He pulled at the rusty handle until he snapped it, tirò la maniglia arrugginita finché la ruppe; The branch snapped and I fell, il ramo si spezzò e io caddi
    3 schioccare; far schioccare: to snap a finger (o one's fingers) schioccare le dita; to snap a whip, far schioccare una frusta
    4 scattare (fig.); saltare ( anche fig.): My nerves snapped, mi sono saltati i nervi
    5 scoppiettare: The fire is snapping, il fuoco scoppietta
    6 chiudere (o chiudersi) di scatto; scattare; serrare: Ann snapped the bag shut, Anna chiuse la borsetta di scatto; to snap a clasp, chiudere una fibbia; The door snapped shut ( o to), la porta si chiuse di scatto
    7 battere; colpire: to snap one's teeth together, battere i denti
    8 (fam.) fare (o scattare) un'istantanea a (q. o qc.); fotografare: The tourists were snapping ( the dancers), i turisti scattavano foto (ai danzatori)
    ● (zool.) snapping turtle ( Chelydra serpentina), tartaruga azzannatrice □ Snap the safety before putting the revolver away, metti la sicura prima di riporre la rivoltella! □ DIALOGO → - Explaining how to do something- Make sure the lever makes a snapping sound, assicurati che la leva faccia uno scatto □ His eyes snapped open, i suoi occhi si aprirono di scatto □ The pistol snapped, la pistola ha lasciato partire un colpo; ( anche) la pistola ha fatto cilecca □ The soldiers snapped to attention, i soldati sono scattati sull'attenti □ (fam.) Snap to it!, sbrigati!; spicciati!; scattare!; dacci sotto!
    * * *
    I 1. [snæp]
    1) (cracking sound) (of branch) schianto m., colpo m. secco; (of fingers, elastic) schiocco m.

    with a sudden snap of his jaws, the fox... — chiudendo di scatto la bocca, la volpe

    3) fot. colloq. foto f.
    4) gioc. = gioco di carte simile al rubamazzo
    5) colloq. (vigour) brio m., energia f.
    2.
    aggettivo [decision, judgment] improvviso, veloce
    3.

    snap! we're wearing the same tie! — colloq. toh (guarda), abbiamo la cravatta uguale!

    II 1. [snæp]
    verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - pp-)
    1) (click) fare schioccare [fingers, elastic]; fare scattare, chiudere di scatto [ jaws]

    to snap sth. shut — chiudere di colpo qcs

    2) (break) spezzare, rompere

    "stop it!" he snapped — "smettila!" disse con tono seccato

    4) fot. colloq. scattare una foto a
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - pp-)
    1) (break) [ branch] spezzarsi di schianto; [ elastic] rompersi; [ rope] spezzarsi
    2) fig. (lose control) [ person] perdere il controllo

    to snap open, shut — aprirsi, chiudersi di scatto

    4) (speak sharply) parlare duramente
    •
    ••

    snap out of it! — colloq. reagisci!

    snap to it! — colloq. sbrigati!

    to snap to attention — mil. scattare sull'attenti

    English-Italian dictionary > snap

  • 10 give

    give [gɪv]
    donner ⇒ 1A (a)-(c), 1B (b)-(d), 1C (a), 1C (d), 1C (e), 1D (a), 1D (c)-(f), 2 (a) offrir ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (c) conférer ⇒ 1B (a) imposer ⇒ 1C (b) reconnaître ⇒ 1C (f) faire ⇒ 1D (a)-(c), 1D (f) s'affaisser ⇒ 2D (b) élasticité ⇒ 3
    (pt gave [geɪv], pp given ['gɪvən])
    A.
    (a) (hand over) donner; (as gift) donner, offrir;
    ∎ I gave him the book, I gave the book to him je lui ai donné le livre;
    ∎ we gave our host a gift nous avons offert un cadeau à notre hôte;
    ∎ the family gave the paintings to the museum la famille a fait don des tableaux au musée;
    ∎ he gave his daughter in marriage il a donné sa fille en mariage;
    ∎ she gave him her hand (to hold) elle lui a donné ou tendu la main; (in marriage) elle lui a accordé sa main;
    ∎ literary to give oneself to sb se donner à qn;
    ∎ I give you the newlyweds! (in toast) je lève mon verre au bonheur des nouveaux mariés!;
    ∎ I gave him my coat to hold je lui ai confié mon manteau;
    ∎ she gave them her trust elle leur a fait confiance, elle leur a donné sa confiance;
    ∎ familiar give it all you've got! mets-y le paquet!;
    ∎ familiar I'll give you something to cry about! je vais te donner une bonne raison de pleurer, moi!;
    ∎ familiar to give it to sb (beat up) rosser qn; (reprimand) passer un savon à qn;
    ∎ give it to them! allez-y!;
    ∎ familiar I gave him what for! (reprimanded him) je lui ai passé un savon!;
    ∎ familiar caviare on toast? I'll give him caviare on toast! (in annoyance at request) du caviar et des toasts! je vais lui en donner, moi, du caviar et des toasts!
    (b) (grant → right, permission, importance) donner;
    ∎ give the matter your full attention prêtez une attention toute particulière à cette affaire;
    ∎ he gave your suggestion careful consideration il a considéré votre suggestion avec beaucoup d'attention;
    ∎ Law the court gave her custody of the child la cour lui a accordé la garde de l'enfant;
    ∎ she hasn't given her approval yet elle n'a pas encore donné son consentement
    (c) (provide with → drink, food) donner, offrir; (→ lessons, classes, advice) donner; (→ help) prêter;
    ∎ give our guests something to eat/drink donnez à manger/à boire à nos invités;
    ∎ we gave them lunch nous les avons invités ou nous leur avons fait à déjeuner;
    ∎ I think I'll give them beef for lunch je crois que je vais leur faire du bœuf au déjeuner;
    ∎ let me give you some advice laissez-moi vous donner un conseil;
    ∎ I gave her the biggest bedroom je lui ai donné la plus grande chambre;
    ∎ they're giving us a pay rise ils nous donnent une augmentation de salaire;
    ∎ an investment that gives 10 percent un placement qui rend ou rapporte 10 pour cent;
    ∎ the children can wash up, it will give them something to do les enfants peuvent faire la vaisselle, ça les occupera;
    ∎ she gave him two lovely daughters elle lui a donné deux adorables filles;
    ∎ to give a child a name donner un nom à un enfant;
    ∎ to give sb/sth one's support soutenir qn/qch;
    ∎ do you give a discount? faites-vous des tarifs préférentiels?;
    ∎ this lamp gives a poor light cette lampe éclaire mal;
    ∎ give me time to think donnez-moi ou laissez-moi le temps de réfléchir;
    ∎ she didn't give him time to say no elle ne lui a pas laissé le temps de dire non;
    ∎ just give me time! sois patient!;
    ∎ we were given a choice on nous a fait choisir;
    ∎ give me a chance! donne-moi une chance!;
    ∎ such talent is not given to us all nous n'avons pas tous un tel talent;
    ∎ familiar give me classical music any day! à mon avis rien ne vaut la musique classique!□
    B.
    (a) (confer → award) conférer;
    ∎ they gave her an honorary degree ils lui ont conféré un diplôme honorifique
    (b) (dedicate) donner, consacrer;
    ∎ she gave all she had to the cause elle s'est entièrement consacrée à cette cause;
    ∎ can you give me a few minutes? pouvez-vous m'accorder ou me consacrer quelques instants?;
    ∎ he gave his life to save the child il est mort ou il a donné sa vie pour sauver l'enfant;
    ∎ I've given you six years of my life je t'ai donné six ans de ma vie;
    ∎ she gave this job the best years of her life elle a consacré à ce travail les plus belles années de sa vie
    (c) (in exchange) donner; (pay) payer;
    ∎ I gave him my sweater in exchange for his gloves je lui ai échangé mon pull contre ses gants;
    ∎ I'll give you a good price for the table je vous donnerai ou payerai un bon prix pour la table;
    ∎ how much will you give me for it? combien m'en donneras-tu?;
    ∎ I would give a lot or a great deal to know… je donnerais beaucoup pour savoir…
    (d) (transmit) donner, passer;
    ∎ I hope I don't give you my cold j'espère que je ne vais pas te passer mon rhume
    C.
    (a) (cause) donner, causer; (headache) donner; (pleasure, surprise, shock) faire;
    ∎ the walk gave him an appetite la promenade l'a mis en appétit ou lui a ouvert l'appétit;
    ∎ the news gave me a shock la nouvelle m'a fait un choc;
    ∎ to give oneself trouble se donner du mal
    (b) (impose → task) imposer; (→ punishment) infliger;
    ∎ the teacher gave us three tests this week le professeur nous a donné trois interrogations cette semaine;
    ∎ to give sb a black mark infliger un blâme à qn;
    ∎ Law he was given (a sentence of) fifteen years il a été condamné à quinze ans de prison
    (c) (announce → verdict, judgment)
    ∎ the court gives its decision today la cour prononce ou rend l'arrêt aujourd'hui;
    ∎ the court gave the case against/for the management la cour a décidé contre/en faveur de la direction;
    ∎ given this third day of March délivré le 3 mars;
    ∎ given under my hand and seal reçu par-devant moi et sous mon sceau;
    ∎ Sport the umpire gave the batsman out l'arbitre a déclaré le joueur hors jeu
    (d) (communicate → impression, order, signal) donner; (→ address, information) donner, fournir; (→ news, decision) annoncer;
    ∎ to give sb a message communiquer un message à qn;
    ∎ she gave her age as forty-five elle a déclaré avoir quarante-cinq ans;
    ∎ give her my love embrasse-la pour moi;
    ∎ he is to give his decision tomorrow il devra faire connaître ou annoncer sa décision demain;
    ∎ I gave a description of the suspect j'ai donné ou fourni une description du suspect;
    ∎ you gave me to believe he was trustworthy vous m'avez laissé entendre qu'on pouvait lui faire confiance;
    ∎ I was given to understand she was ill on m'a donné à croire qu'elle était malade;
    ∎ she gave no sign of life elle n'a donné aucun signe de vie
    (e) (suggest, propose → explanation, reason) donner, avancer; (→ hint) donner;
    ∎ that's given me an idea ça me donne une idée;
    ∎ don't go giving him ideas! ne va pas lui mettre des idées dans la tête!;
    ∎ give us a clue donne-nous un indice;
    ∎ let me give you an example laissez-moi vous donner un exemple;
    ∎ don't give me any nonsense about missing your train! ne me raconte pas que tu as raté ton train!;
    ∎ familiar don't give me that (nonsense)! ne me raconte pas d'histoires!
    (f) (admit, concede) reconnaître, accorder;
    ∎ she's certainly intelligent, I'll give you that elle est très intelligente, ça, je te l'accorde;
    ∎ Sport he gave me the game il m'a concédé la partie
    D.
    (a) (utter → sound) rendre, émettre; (→ answer) donner, faire; (→ cry, sigh) pousser;
    ∎ he gave a laugh il a laissé échapper un rire;
    ∎ he gave a loud laugh il a éclaté de rire;
    ∎ give us a song chantez-nous quelque chose
    (b) (make → action, gesture) faire;
    ∎ she gave them an odd look elle leur a jeté ou lancé un regard curieux;
    ∎ he gave her hand a squeeze il lui a pressé la main;
    ∎ she gave her hair a comb elle s'est donné un coup de peigne;
    ∎ he gave his face a wash il s'est lavé le visage;
    ∎ he gave the table a wipe il a essuyé la table;
    ∎ give me a kiss (gen) fais-moi la bise; (lover) embrasse-moi;
    ∎ I gave the boy a push j'ai poussé le garçon;
    ∎ the train gave a lurch le train a cahoté;
    ∎ she gave him a slap elle lui a donné une claque;
    ∎ she gave him a flirtatious smile elle lui a adressé ou fait un sourire séducteur;
    ∎ he gave an embarrassed smile il a eu un sourire gêné
    (c) (perform in public → concert) donner; (→ lecture, speech) faire; (→ interview) accorder;
    ∎ that evening she gave the performance of a lifetime ce soir-là elle était au sommet de son art
    (d) (hold → lunch, party, supper) donner, organiser;
    ∎ they gave a dinner for the professor ils ont donné un dîner en l'honneur du professeur
    (e) (estimate the duration of) donner, estimer;
    ∎ I give him one week at most je lui donne une semaine (au) maximum;
    ∎ I'd give their marriage about a year if that je donne un an maximum à leur mariage
    (f) Mathematics (produce) donner, faire;
    ∎ 17 minus 4 gives 13 17 moins 4 font ou égalent 13;
    ∎ that gives a total of 26 ça donne un total de 26
    ∎ to give way (ground) s'affaisser; (bridge, building, ceiling) s'effondrer, s'affaisser; (ladder, rope) céder, (se) casser;
    ∎ the ground gave way beneath or under our feet le terrain s'est affaissé sous nos pieds;
    ∎ her legs gave way (beneath her) ses jambes se sont dérobées sous elle;
    ∎ his health finally gave way sa santé a fini par se détériorer ou se gâter;
    ∎ their strength gave way leurs forces leur ont manqué;
    ∎ it's easier to give way to his demands than to argue il est plus commode de céder à ses exigences que de lui résister;
    ∎ don't give way if he cries ne cède pas s'il pleure;
    ∎ I gave way to tears/to anger je me suis laissé aller à pleurer/emporter par la colère;
    ∎ he gave way to despair il s'est abandonné au désespoir;
    ∎ the fields gave way to factories les champs ont fait place aux usines;
    ∎ his joy gave way to sorrow sa joie a fait place à la peine;
    ∎ natural fibres have given way to synthetics les fibres naturelles ont été remplacées par les synthétiques;
    ∎ give way to vehicles on your right (sign) priorité aux véhicules qui viennent de droite;
    ∎ give way to pedestrians (sign) priorité aux piétons;
    ∎ give way (sign) cédez le passage
    (a) (contribute) donner;
    ∎ please give generously nous nous en remettons à votre générosité;
    ∎ to give generously of one's time donner beaucoup de son temps;
    ∎ proverb it is better to give than to receive donner vaut mieux que recevoir;
    ∎ in any relationship you have to learn to give and take dans toutes les relations, il faut apprendre à faire des concessions ou il faut que chacun y mette du sien;
    ∎ to give as good as one gets rendre coup pour coup
    (b) (collapse, yield → ground, wall) s'affaisser; (→ cloth, elastic) se relâcher; (→ person) céder;
    ∎ the fence gave beneath or under my weight la barrière a cédé ou s'est affaissée sous mon poids;
    ∎ something's got to give quelque chose va lâcher
    ∎ now give! accouche!, vide ton sac!
    ∎ what gives? qu'est-ce qui se passe?□
    3 noun
    (of metal, wood) élasticité f, souplesse f;
    ∎ there's not enough give in this sweater ce pull n'est pas assez ample
    à... près;
    ∎ give or take a few days à quelques jours près
    ►► give way sign signal m de priorité
    (a) (hand over) donner; (as gift) donner, faire cadeau de; (prize) distribuer;
    ∎ it's so cheap they're practically giving it away c'est tellement bon marché, c'est comme s'ils en faisaient cadeau;
    ∎ you couldn't give them away tu n'arriveras pas à t'en débarrasser (même si tu en faisais cadeau)
    (b) (bride) conduire à l'autel
    (c) (throw away → chance, opportunity) gâcher, gaspiller
    (d) (reveal → information) révéler; (→ secret) révéler, trahir;
    ∎ he didn't give anything away il n'a rien dit
    (e) (betray) trahir;
    ∎ her accent gave her away son accent l'a trahie;
    ∎ no prisoner would give another prisoner away aucun prisonnier n'en trahirait un autre;
    ∎ to give oneself away se trahir
    (f) Australian (renounce → habit) renoncer à, abandonner; (resign from → job) quitter; (→ position) démissionner de
    (a) (return) rendre; (property, stolen object) restituer;
    ∎ give the book back to her rendez-lui le livre;
    ∎ the store gave him his money back le magasin l'a remboursé
    (b) (reflect → image, light) refléter, renvoyer; (→ sound) renvoyer
    ➲ give in
    (relent, yield) céder;
    ∎ to give in to sb/sth céder à qn/qch;
    ∎ the country refused to give in to terrorist threats le pays a refusé de céder aux menaces des terroristes
    (hand in → book, exam paper) rendre; (→ found object, parcel) remettre; (→ application, name) donner
    (a) (emit, produce → gas, smell) émettre
    donner sur
    (a) (hand out) distribuer
    (b) (emit → smell) dégager; (→ heat) répandre; (→ sound) émettre, faire entendre
    (c) (make known) annoncer, faire savoir;
    ∎ the hospital gave out information on her condition to them l'hôpital les a renseignés sur son état de santé;
    ∎ it was given out that he was leaving on a dit ou annoncé qu'il partait
    (a) (fail → machine) tomber en panne; (→ brakes) lâcher; (→ heart) flancher;
    ∎ the old car finally gave out la vieille voiture a fini par rendre l'âme
    (b) (run out) s'épuiser, manquer;
    ∎ her strength was giving out elle était à bout de forces, elle n'en pouvait plus;
    ∎ his mother's patience gave out sa mère a perdu patience;
    ∎ my luck gave out la chance m'a abandonné
    ∎ he gave out to me because I was late (scolded) il m'a enguirlandé parce que j'étais en retard
    donner sur
    (a) (entrust) donner, confier;
    ∎ he gave the children over to his mother il a confié les enfants à sa mère
    (b) (set aside) donner, consacrer; Administration affecter;
    ∎ the land was given over to agriculture la terre a été consacrée à l'agriculture;
    ∎ she gave herself over to helping the poor elle s'est consacrée à l'aide aux pauvres
    British familiar cesser de□, arrêter de□ ;
    ∎ give over crying! cesse de pleurer!
    British familiar cesser□, arrêter□ ;
    ∎ give over! assez!, arrête!
    ➲ give up
    (a) (renounce → habit) renoncer à, abandonner; (→ friend) abandonner, délaisser; (→ chair, place) céder; (→ activity) cesser;
    ∎ she'll never give him up elle ne renoncera jamais à lui;
    ∎ he's given up smoking il a arrêté de fumer, il a renoncé au tabac;
    ∎ I haven't given up the idea of going to China je n'ai pas renoncé à l'idée d'aller en Chine;
    ∎ he gave up his seat to the old woman il a cédé sa place à la vieille dame;
    ∎ don't give up hope ne perdez pas espoir;
    ∎ he was ready to give up his life for his country il était prêt à mourir pour la patrie;
    ∎ they gave up the game or the struggle ils ont abandonné la partie;
    ∎ we gave her brother up for dead nous avons conclu que son frère était mort;
    ∎ they gave the cause up for lost ils ont considéré que c'était une cause perdue;
    ∎ to give up the throne renoncer au trône;
    ∎ the doctors have given him up les médecins disent qu'il est perdu
    (b) (resign from → job) quitter; (→ position) démissionner de;
    ∎ they gave up the restaurant business ils se sont retirés de la restauration
    (c) (hand over → keys) rendre, remettre; (→ prisoner) livrer; (→ responsibility) se démettre de;
    ∎ the murderer gave himself up (to the police) le meurtrier s'est rendu ou livré (à la police);
    ∎ he gave his accomplices up to the police il a dénoncé ou livré ses complices à la police
    ∎ give it up for… je vous demande d'applaudir…
    ∎ I give up (in game, project) je renonce; (in guessing game) je donne ma langue au chat;
    ∎ we can't give up now! on ne va pas laisser tomber maintenant!
    ∎ to give up on sb (stop waiting for) renoncer à attendre qn; (stop expecting something from) ne plus rien attendre de qn;
    ∎ I give up on him, he won't even try j'abandonne, il ne fait pas le moindre effort
    ∎ to give oneself up to sth se livrer à qch;
    ∎ they gave themselves up to a life of pleasure ils se sont livrés à une vie de plaisir;
    ∎ he gave his life up to caring for the elderly il a consacré sa vie à soigner les personnes âgées;
    ∎ his mornings were given up to business ses matinées étaient consacrées aux affaires

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > give

  • 11 निर् _nir

    निर् ind. A substitute for निस् before vowels and soft consonants conveying the senses of 'out of', 'away from'. 'without', 'free from', and be frequently expressed by 'less', 'un', used with the noun; see the compounds given below; see निस् and cf. अ also.
    -Comp. -अंश a.
    1 whole, entire.
    -2 not entitled to any share of the ancestral property.
    -अक्षः the place of no latitute; i. e. the terrestrial equator (in astronomy). ˚देशः
    1 a first meridian, as Laṅkā.
    -2 a place where the sun is always vertical and the days and nights are equal.
    -3 the equatorial region.
    -अक्षर a. Not knowing the letters, illiterate.
    -अग्नि a. having lost or neg- lected the consecrated fire; स संन्यासी च योगी च न निरग्निर्न चाक्रियः Bg.6.1.
    -अग्र (क) a. divisible without remain- der.
    -अङ्कुश a. 'not curbed by a hook', unchecked, uncontrolled; unruly, independent, completely free, unfettered; निरङ्कुश इव द्विपः Bhāg.; कामो निकामनिरङ्कुशः Gīt.7; निरङ्कुशाः कवयः Sk.; Bh.3.15; Mv.3.39; विनयरुचयः सदैव निरङ्कुशाः Mu.3.6. ˚ता self-will, indepen- dence.
    -अघ a. sinless, blameless.
    -अङ्ग a.
    1 having no parts.
    -2 deprived of expedients or resources.
    -अजिन a. skinless.
    -अञ्जन a.
    1 without collyrium; निरञ्जने साचिविलोलिकं दृशौ Ki.8.52.
    -2 unstained, untinged.
    -3 free from falsehood; तदा विद्वान् पुण्यपापे विधूय निरञ्जनं परमं साम्यमुपैति Munda 3.1.3.
    -4 simple, artless.
    (-नः) 1 an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 N. of the Supreme Being.
    (-ना) 1 the day of full moon.
    -2 an epithet of Durgā.
    -अतिशय a. unsurpassed, matchless, un- rivalled; निरतिशयं गरिमाणं तेन जनन्याः स्मरन्ति विद्वांसः Pt.1.3. (
    -यः) the Supreme Being.
    -अत्यय a.
    1 free from danger, secure, safe; तद्भवान् वृत्तसंपन्नः स्थितः पथि निरत्यये Rām.4.29.12; R.17.53.
    -2 free from fault, unblamable, faultless, disinterested; Ki.1.12, शक्तिरर्थपतिषु स्वयंग्रहं प्रेम कारयति वा निरत्ययम् 13.61.
    -3 com- pletely successful.
    -अधिष्ठान a.
    1 supportless.
    -2 in- dependent.
    -अध्व a. one who has lost one's way.
    -अनुक्रोश a. pitiless, merciless, hard-hearted. (
    -शः) mercilessness, hard-heartedness.
    -अनुग a. having no followers.
    -अनुग्रह a. Ungracious, unkind; Bhāg.5. 12.7.
    -अनुनासिक a. not nasal.
    -अनुमान a. not bound to conclusions or consequences.
    -अनुयोज्य a. unblamable, faultless.
    -अनुरोध a.
    1 unfavourable, unfriendly.
    -2 unkind, unamiable; Māl.1.
    -अन्तर a.
    -1 constant, perpetual, uninterrupted, incessant; निरन्त- राधिपटलैः Bv.1.16; निरन्तरास्वन्तरवातवृष्टिषु Ku.5.25.
    -2 having no intervening or intermediate space, having no interval, close, closely contiguous, in close contact; मूढे निरन्तरपयोधरया मयैव Mk.5.15; हृदयं निरन्तरबृहत्कठिनस्तन- मण्डलावरणमप्यभिदन् Śi.9.66.
    -3 compact, dense; परितो रुद्धनिरन्तराम्बराः Śi.16.76.
    -4 coarse, gross.
    -5 faithful, true (as a friend).
    -6 not hidden from view.
    -7 not different, similar, identical.
    -8 sincere, sympathetic; सुहृदि निरन्तरचित्ते (निवेद्य दुःखं सुखीभवति) Pt.1.341.
    -9 abounding in, full of; निपात्यमानैर्ददृशे निरन्तरम् Rām.7.7. 54; गुणैश्च निरन्तराणि Mv.4.12. (
    -रम्) ind.
    1 without interruption, constantly, continually, incessantly.
    -2 without intervening space or interval.
    -3 closely, tightly, firmly; (परिष्वजस्व) कान्तैरिदं मम निरन्तरमङ्गमङ्गैः Ve.3.27; परिष्वजेते शयने निरन्तरम् Ṛs.2.11.
    -4 immedia- tely. ˚अभ्यासः constant study, diligent exercise or pra- ctice.
    -अन्तराल a.
    1 without an intervening space, close.
    -2 narrow.
    -अन्धस् a. foodless, hungry.
    -अन्वय a.
    1 having no progeny, childless.
    -2 unconnected, unrelated; Ms.8.198.
    -3 not agreeing with the con- text (as a word in a sentence).
    -4 without logical connection or regular sequence, unmethodical.
    -5 without being seen, out of sight; निरन्वयं भवेत् स्तेयम् Ms.8. 332.
    -6 without retinue, unaccompanied, see अन्वय.
    -7 sudden, unexpected; U.7.
    -8 exterminatory, without leaving any species or trace; प्रागाधारनिरन्वयप्रमथनादुच्छेदमे- वाकरोः... Mv.3.13; (com. नाशो द्विविधः--स्वान्वयविनाशः, निरन्वयविनाशश्चेति......निर्वापणादिना सजातीयज्वालोदयानर्हविनाशस्तु निरन्वयविनाशः ।).
    -अपत्रप a.
    1 shameless, impudent.
    -2 bold.
    -अपराध a. guiltless, innocent, faultless, blame- less. (
    -धः) innocence.
    -अपवर्त a.
    1 not turning back.
    -2 (in arith.) leaving no common divisor, reduced to the lowest terms.
    -अपवाद a.
    1 blameless.
    -2 not admitting of any exception.
    -अपाय a.
    1 free from harm or evil.
    -2 free from decay, imperishable.
    -3 infallible; उपायो निरपायो$यमस्माभिरभिचिन्तितः Rām.1.1.2.
    -अपेक्ष a.
    1 not depending on, irrespective or independent of, having no need of (with loc.); न्यायनिर्णीतसारत्वा- न्निरपेक्षमिवागमे Ki.11.39.
    -2 disregarding, taking no notice of.
    -3 free from desire, secure; निरपेक्षो न कर्तव्यो भृत्यैः स्वामी कदाचन H.2.82.
    -4 careless, negligent, indifferent
    -5 indifferent to worldly attachments or pursuits; समुपोढेषु कामेषु निरपेक्षः परिव्रजेत् Ms.6.41.
    -6 disinterested, not expecting any reward from another; दिशि दिशि निरपेक्ष- स्तावकीनं विवृण्वन् Bv.1.5.
    -7 without purpose. (
    -क्षा) indifference, disregard.
    -अपेक्षित a.
    1 disregarded.
    -2 regardless.
    -अपेक्षिन् a. disregarding, indifferent.
    -अभिभव a.
    1 not subject to humiliation or disgrace.
    -2 not to be surpassed, unrivalled.
    -अभिमान a.
    1 free from self-conceit, devoid of pride or egotism.
    -2 void of self-respect.
    -3 unconscious.
    -अभिलाष a. not caring for, indifferent to; स्वसुखनिरभिलाषः खिद्यसे लोकहेतोः Ś.5.7.
    -अभिसंधानम् absence of design.
    -अभ्र a. cloudless.
    -अमर्ष a.
    1 void of anger, patient.
    -2 apa- thetic.
    -अम्बर a. naked.
    -अम्बु a.
    1 abstaining from water.
    -2 waterless, destitute of water.
    -अर्गल a. without a bolt, unbarred, unobstructed, unrestrained, unimpeded, completely free; M.5; मरणसमये त्यक्त्वा शङ्कां प्रलापनिरर्गलम् Māl.5.26. (
    -लम्) ind. freely.
    -अर्थ a.
    1 void of wealth, poor, indigent; स्त्रियः कृतार्थाः पुरुषं निरर्थं निष्पीडितालक्तकवत्त्यजन्ति Pt.1.194.
    -2 meaningless, un- meaning (as a word or sentence).
    -3 non-sensical.
    -4 vain, useless, purposeless.
    (-र्थः) 1 loss, detriment.
    -2 nonsense.
    -अर्थक a.
    1 useless, vain, unprofitable.
    -2 unmeaning, nonsensical, conveying no reasonable meaning; इत्थं जन्म निरर्थकं क्षितितले$रण्ये यथा मालती S. D.
    -3 (a consonant) not followed by a vowel. (
    -कम्) an expletive; निरर्थकं तु हीत्यादि पूरणैकप्रयोजनम् Chandr.2.6.
    -अलंकृतिः (in Rhet.) want of ornament, simplicity.
    -अवकाश a.
    1 without free space.
    -2 without leisure.
    -अवग्रह a.
    1 'free from restraint', unrestrained, un- checked, uncontrolled, irresistible.
    -2 free, indepen- dent.
    -3 self-willed, head-strong. (
    -हम्) ind.
    1 un- interruptedly.
    -2 intensely, strongly.
    -अवद्य a.
    1 blameless, faultless, unblameable, unobjectionable; हृद्य- निरवद्यरूपो भूपो बभूव Dk.1.
    -2 an epithet of the Supreme Being (having no passions).
    -अवधि a. having no end, unlimited; कथं तूष्णीं सह्यो निरवधिरयं त्वप्रतिविधः U. 3.44;6.3; Māl.1.6.
    -2 continuous; महानाधिव्याधि- र्निरवधिरिदानीं प्रसरतु Māl.4.3.
    1 without parts.
    -2 indivisible.
    -3 without limbs.
    -अवलम्ब a.
    1 unsupported, without support; Ś.6.
    -2 not affording support.
    -3 not depending or relying on.
    -अवशेष a. whole, complete, entire, (निरवशेषेण ind. completely, entirely, fully, totally).
    -अवसाद a. cheerful; Gīt.
    -अव्यय a. eternal, immutable.
    - अशन a. abstaining from food. (
    -नम्) fasting.
    -अश्रि a. even; Kau. A.2.11.
    -अष्ट a. Ved. driven away, scattered. (
    -ष्टः) a horse twentyfour years old.
    -अस्त्र a. weaponless, unarmed.
    -अस्थि a. boneless.
    -अहंकार, -अहंकृति a. free from egotism or pride, humble, lowly; Bg.12.13.
    -अहंकृत a.
    1 having no egotism or self-consciousness.
    -2 without individuality.
    -3 unselfish.
    -अहम् a. free from egotism or self-conceit; ह्यनामरूपं निरहं प्रपद्ये Bhāg. 5.19.4.
    -आकाङ्क्ष a.
    1 wishing nothing, free from desire.
    -2 wanting nothing to fill up or complete (as the sense of a word or sentence).
    -आकार a.
    1 devoid of form, formless, without form.
    -2 ugly, deformed.
    -3 disguised.
    -4 unassuming, modest.
    (-रः) 1 the universal spirit, Almighty.
    -2 an epithet of Śiva.
    -3 of Viṣṇu. ˚ज्ञानवादः the doctrine that the perception of the outer world does not arise from images impres- sed on the mind; Sarva. S.
    -आकृति a.
    1 formless, shapeless.
    -2 deformed.
    (-तिः) 1 a religious student who has not duly gone through a course of study, or who has not properly read the Vedas.
    -2 especially, a Brāhmaṇa who has neglected the duties of his caste by not going through a regular course of study; a fool; ग्रामधान्यं यथा शून्यं यथा कूपश्च निर्जलः । यथा हुतमनग्नौ च तथैव स्यान्निराकृतौ ॥ Mb.12.36.48.
    -3 one who neglects the five great religious duties or yajñas; Ms.3.154.
    -आकाश a. leaving no free space, completely filled or occupied,
    -आकुल a.
    1 unconfused, unperplexed, un- bewildered; Ki.11.38.
    -2 steady, calm; सुपात्रनिक्षेपनिरा- कुलात्मना (प्रजासृजा) Śi.1.28.
    -3 clear.
    -4 perspicuous; अलिकुलसङ्कुलकुसुमसमूहनिराकुलबकुलकलापे Gīt.1.
    (-लम्) 1 calmness serenity.
    -2 perspicuity, clearness.
    -आक्रन्द a. not crying or complaining. (
    -दः) a place where no sound can be heard.
    -आक्रोश a. unaccused, unreviled.
    - आगम a. not founded on revelation or scripture, not derived from the Vedas.
    -आगस् a. faultless, innocent, sinless; कथमेकपदे निरागसं जनमाभाष्यमिमं न मन्यसे R.8.48.
    -आचार a. without approved customs or usages, lawless, barbarian.
    -आडम्बर a.
    1 without drums.
    -2 without show, unostentatious.
    -आतङ्क a.
    1 free from fear; R.1.63; निरातङ्को रङ्को विहरति चिरं कोटिकनकैः Śaṅkara (देव्यपराधक्षमापनस्तोत्रम् 6).
    -2 without ailment, comfort- able, healthy.
    -3 not causing pain.
    -4 unchecked, unhampered; निरातङ्कः पङ्केष्विव पिशितपिण्डेषु विलसन् Māl. 5.34. (
    -कः) an epithet of Śiva.
    - आतप a. sheltered from heat, shady, not penetrated by the sun's rays. (
    -पा) the night.
    - आदर a. disrespectful.
    -आदान a.
    1 taking or receiving nothing; Mb.3.
    -2 an epithet of Buddha.
    -आधार a.
    1 without a receptacle.
    -2 without support, supportless (fig. also); निराधारो हा रोदिमि कथय केषामिह पुरः G. L.4.39.
    -आधि a. secure, free from anxiety.
    -आनन्द a. cheerless, sad, sorrowful.
    -आन्त्र a.
    1 disembowelled.
    -2 having the entrails hanging out.
    -आपद् a. free from misfortune or calamity. (-f.) prosperity.
    -आबाध a.
    1 unvexed, unmolested, undis- turbed, free from disturbance.
    -2 unobstructed.
    -3 not molesting or disturbing.
    -4 (in law) frivolously vexatious (as a suit or cause of complaint); e. g. अस्मद्- गृहप्रदीपप्रकाशेनायं स्वगृहे व्यवहरति Mitā.
    1 free from disease or illness, sound, healthy, hale.
    -2 untainted, pure.
    -3 guileless.
    -4 free from defects or blemishes.
    -5 full, complete.
    -6 infallible.
    -7 not liable to failure or miscarriage. (
    -यः, यम्) freedom from disease or illness, health, well-being, welfare, happiness; कुरूणां पाण्डवानां च प्रतिपत्स्व निरामयम् Mb.5.78.8.
    (-यः) 1 a wild goat.
    -2 a hog or boar.
    -आमिष a.
    1 fleshless; निरुपमरसप्रीत्या खादन्नरास्थि निरामिषम् Bh.
    -2 having no sensual desires or covetousness; Ms.6.49.
    -3 receiving no wages or remuneration.
    -आय a. yielding no income or revenue, profitless.
    -यः an idler living from hand to mouth.
    1 full-stretched or extended; निरायतपूर्वकायाः Ś.1.8.
    -2 contracted, compact.
    -आय- -तत्वम् shortness, compactness; निरायतत्वादुदरेण ताम्यता Ki.8.17.
    -आयति a. one whose end is at hand; नियता लघुता निरायतेः Ki.2.14.
    -आयास a. not fatiguing, easy.
    -आयुध a. unarmed, weaponless.
    -आरम्भ a. abstaining from all work (in good sense); Mb.3.82.11.
    -आलम्ब a.
    1 having no prop or support (fig. also); ऊर्ध्वबाहुं निरालम्बं तं राजा प्रत्यभाषत Rām.7.89.1; निरालम्बो लोकः कुलमयशसा नः परिवृतम् Mv.4.53.
    -2 not depending on another, independent.
    -3 self-supported, friendless, alone; निरालम्बो लम्बोदरजननि कं यामि शरणम् Jag. (
    -म्बा) spikenard. (
    -म्बम्) Brahman.
    -आलोक a.
    1 not looking about or seeing.
    -2 deprived of sight.
    -3 deprived of light, dark; निरालोकं लोकम् Māl.5.3; Bhāg.8.24.35.
    -5 invisible. (
    -कः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -आवर्ण a. manifest, evident.
    -आश a.
    1 devoid of hope, despairing or despondent of; मनो बभूवेन्दुमतीनिराशम् R.6.2.
    -2 depriving (one) of all hope.
    -आशक, -आशिन् a. hopeless; अद्य दुर्योधनो राज्याज्जीविताच्च निराशकः (भविष्यति) Mb.8.74.13.
    -आशङ्क a. fearless.
    -आशा hopeless- ness, despair.
    -आशिस् a.
    1 without a boon or blessing, without virtues; आश्रमा विहिताः सर्वे वर्जयित्वा निराशिषम् Mb.12.63.13.
    -2 without any desire, wish or hope, indifferent; निराशीर्यतचित्तात्मा Bg.4.21; जगच्छ- रण्यस्य निराशिषः सतः Ku.5.76.
    -आश्रय a.
    1 without a prop or support, supportless, unsupported; न तिष्ठति निराश्रयं लिङ्गम् Sāṅ. K.41.
    -2 friendless, destitute, alone, without shelter or refuge; निराश्रयाधुना वत्सलता.
    -3 not deep (as a wound).
    -आस्वाद a. tasteless, insipid, un- savoury.
    -आहार a. 'foodless', fasting, abstaining from food. (
    -रः) fasting; कालो$ग्निः कर्म मृद् वायुर्मनो ज्ञानं तपो जलम् । पश्चात्तापो निराहारः सर्वे$मी शुद्धिहेतवः ॥ Y.3.31.
    -इङ्ग a. immovable, stationary; यथा दीपो निवातस्थो निरिङ्गो ज्वलते पुनः Mb.12.46.6.
    -इच्छ a. without wish or desire, indifferent.
    -इन्द्रिय a.
    1 having lost a limb or the use of it.
    -2 mutilated, maimed.
    -3 weak, infirm, frail; Kaṭh.1.1.3.
    -4 barren.
    -5 without प्रमाण or means of certain knowledge; निरिन्द्रिया ह्यमन्त्राश्च स्त्रियो$नृत- मिति स्थितिः Ms.9.18.
    -6 destitute of manly vigour, impotent (Ved.).
    -इन्धन a. destitute of fuel.
    -ईति a. free from the calamities of the season; निरातङ्का निरीतयः R.1.63; see ईति.
    -ईश्वर a. godless, atheistic. -˚वाद atheistic doctrine.
    -ईषम् the body of a plough.
    -ईह a.
    1 desireless, indifferent; निरीहाणामीशस्तृणमिव तिरस्कारविषयः Mu.3.16.
    -2 inactive; निरीहस्य हतद्विषः R.1.24.
    (-हा), -निरीहता, -त्वम् 1 inactivity.
    -2 indifference.
    -उच्छ्वास a.
    1 breathless, without breathing; निरुच्छ्वासं हरिं चक्रुः Rām.7.7.6.
    -2 narrow, contracted; उपेयुषो वर्त्म निरन्तराभिरसौ निरुच्छ्वासमनीकिनीभिः Śi.3.32.
    -3 dead; निरुच्छ्वासाः पुनः केचित् पतिता जगतीतले Rām.6.58.13. (
    -सः) absence of breath; लोका निरुच्छ्वासनिपीडिता भृशम् Bhāg.4. 8.8.
    -उत्तर a.
    1 answerless, without a reply.
    -2 un- able to answer, silenced.
    -3 having no superior.
    -उत्थ a. irrecoverable.
    -उद्धति a. not jolting (a chariot); अभूतल- स्पर्शतया निरुद्धतिः Ś.7.1. (v. l.)
    -उत्सव a. without festivi- ties; विरतं गेयमृतुर्निरुत्सवः R.8.66.
    -उत्साह a.
    1 inactive, indolent.
    -2 devoid of energy.
    (-हः) 1 absence of energy.
    -2 indolence.
    -उत्सुक a.
    1 indifferent.
    -2 calm, tranquil.
    - उदक a. waterless.
    1 having no belly or trunk.
    -2 thin (अतुन्दिल); श्रीमान्निरुदरो महान् Rām.3.16.31.
    -उद्यम, -उद्योग a. effortless, inactive, lazy, idle.
    उद्विग्न, -उद्वेग a. free from excitement or perturbation, sedate, calm.
    -उपक्रम a.
    1 without a commencement.
    -2 incurable.
    -उपद्रव a.
    1 free from calamity or affliction, not visited by danger or adver- sity, lucky, happy, undisturbed, unmolested, free from hostile attacks.
    -2 free from national distress or tyranny.
    -3 causing no affliction.
    -4 auspicious (as a star).
    -5 secure, peaceful.
    -उपधि a. guileless, honest; U.2.2. ˚जीवन a. leading an honest life. (v. l.).
    -उपपत्ति a. unsuitable.
    1 without any title or designation; अरे आर्यचारुदत्तं निरुपपदेन नाम्नालपसि Mk.1.18/19.
    -2 unconnected with a subordinate word.
    -उपप्लव a.
    1 free from disturbance, obstacle or calamity, unharmed; निरुपप्लवानि नः कर्माणि संवृत्तानि Ś3.
    -2 not causing any affliction or misery.
    -3 an epithet of Śiva.
    -उपभोग a. without enjoyment; संसरति निरुपभोगं भावैरधिवासितं लिङ्गम् Sāṅ. K.4.
    - उपम a. peerless, matchless, incomparable.
    -उपसर्ग free from portents.
    -उपस्कृत a. not corrupted, pure; of self-denying temperament; शमेन तपसा चैव भक्त्या च निरुपस्कृतः । शुद्धात्मा ब्राह्मणो रात्रौ निदर्शनमपश्यत ॥ Mb.12.271.14.
    1 not injured, unhurt.
    -2 auspicious, lucky.
    -उपाख्य a.
    1 unreal, false, non-existent (as वन्ध्यापुत्र).
    -2 immaterial.
    -3 invisible. (
    -ख्यम्) the supreme Brahman.
    -उपाधि (क) a. without qualities, absolute.
    -उपाय a.
    1 without expedients, helpless.
    -2 unsuc- cessful.
    -उपेक्ष a.
    1 free from trick or fraud.
    -2 not neglectful.
    -उष्मन् a. devoid of heat, cold.
    -गन्ध a. void of smell, scentless, unfragrant, inodorous; निर्गन्धा इव किंशुकाः. ˚पुष्पी f. the Śālmali tree.
    -गर्व a. free from pride.
    -गवाक्ष a. windowless.
    -गुण a.
    1 stringless (as a bow).
    -2 devoid of all properties.
    -3 devoid of good qualities, bad, worthless; निर्गुणः शोभते नैव विपुलाड- म्बरो$पि ना Bv.1.115.
    -4 without attributes; साकारं च निराकारं सगुणं निर्गुणं विभुम् Brahmavai. P.
    -5 having no epithet. (
    -णः) the Supreme Spirit. ˚आत्मक a. having no qualities.
    -गृहः a. houseless, homeless; सुगृही निर्गृही- कृता Pt.39.
    -गौरव a.
    1 without dignity, undignified.
    -2 devoid of respect.
    -ग्रन्थ a.
    1 freed from all ties or hindrances; आत्मारामाश्च मुनयो निर्ग्रन्था अप्युरुक्रमे । कुर्वन्त्यहैतुकीं भक्तिम् Bhāg.1.7.1.
    -2 poor, possessionless, beggarly.
    -3 alone, unassisted.
    (-न्थः) 1 an idiot, a fool.
    -2 a gambler.
    -3 a saint or devotee who has renounced all worldly attachments and wanders about naked and lives as a hermit.
    -4 A Buddha Muni.
    -ग्रन्थक a.
    1 clever, expert.
    -2 unaccompanied, alone.
    -3 deserted, abandoned.
    -4 fruitless. (
    -कः 1 a religious mendicant.
    -2 a naked devotee.
    -3 a gam- bler.
    -ग्रन्थिक a. clever. (
    -कः) a naked mendicant, a Jaina mendicant of the Digambara class.
    -घटम् 1 a free market.
    -2 a crowded market.
    -घण्टः See निघण्टः.
    -घृण a.
    1 cruel, merciless, pitiless.
    -2 shame- less, immodest.
    -घृणा cruelty.
    -घोष a. noiseless, still, calm.
    -जन a.
    1 tenantless, uninhabited, unfrequented, lonely, desolate.
    -2 without any retinue or attendants; भूयश्चैवाभिरक्षन्तु निर्धनान्निर्जना इव Mb.12.151.7. (
    -नम्) a desert, solitude, lonely place.
    -जन्तु a. free from living germs; H. Yoga.
    -जर a.
    1 young, fresh.
    -2 imperishable, immortal. (
    -रः) a deity, god; (nom. pl. निर्जराः -निर्जरसः) (
    -रम्) ambrosia, nectar.
    -जरायु a. Ved. skinless.
    -जल a.
    1 waterless, desert, destitute of water.
    -2 not mixed with water. (
    -लः) a waste, desert. ˚एकादशी N. of the eleventh day in the bright half of Jyeṣṭha.
    -जाड्य free from coldness.
    -जिह्वः a frog.
    -जीव a.
    1 lifeless.
    -2 dead; चिता दहति निर्जीवं चिन्ता दहति जीवितम्.
    -ज्ञाति a. having no kinsmen, alone.
    -ज्वर a. feverless, healthy.
    -दण्डः a Śūdra.
    -दय a.
    1 merci- less, cruel, pitiless, unmerciful, unkind.
    -2 passion- ate.
    -3 very close, firm or fast, strong, excessive, violent; मुग्धे विधेहि मयि निर्दयदन्तदंशम् Gīt.1; निर्दयरति- श्रमालसाः R.19.32; निर्दयाश्लेषहेतोः Me.18.
    -4 unpitied by any; निर्दया निर्नमस्कारास्तन्मनोरनुशासनम् Ms.9.239.
    -दयम् ind.
    1 unmercifully, cruelly.
    -2 violently, excessively; न प्रहर्तुमलमस्मि निर्दयम् R.11.84.
    -दश a. more than ten days old; यदा पशुर्निर्दशः स्यादथ मेध्यो भवे- दिति Bhāg.9.7.11.
    - दशन a. toothless.
    -दाक्षिण्य a. uncourteous.
    -दुःख a.
    1 free from pain, painless.
    -2 not causing pain.
    -दैन्य a. happy, comfortable.
    -दोष a.
    1 faultless, defectless; न निर्दोषं न निर्गुणम्
    -2 guiltless, innocent.
    -द्रव्य a.
    1 immaterial.
    -2 without property, poor.
    -द्रोह a. not hostile, friendly, well-disposed, not malicious.
    -द्वन्द्व a.
    1 indifferent in regard to opposite pairs of feelings (pleasure or pain), neither glad nor sorry; निर्द्वन्द्वो निर्ममो भूत्वा चरिष्यामि मृगैः सह Mb.1.85.16; निर्द्वन्द्वो नित्यसत्त्वस्थो निर्योगक्षेम आत्मवान् Bg.2.45.
    -2 not dependent upon another, independent.
    -3 free from jealousy or envy.
    -4 not double.
    -5 not contested, un- disputed.
    -6 not acknowledging two principles.
    -धन a. without property, poor, indigent; शशिनस्तुल्यवंशो$पि निर्धनः परिभूयते Chāṇ.82. (
    -नः) an old ox. ˚ता, ˚त्वम् poverty, indigence.
    -धर्म a. unrighteous, impious, unholy.
    -धूम a. smokeless.
    -धौत a. cleansed, rendered clean; निर्धौत- दानामलगण्डभित्तिर्वन्यः सरित्तो गज उन्ममज्ज R.5.43.
    -नमस्कार a.
    1 not courteous or civil, not respecting any one.
    -2 disrespected, despised.
    -नर a. abandoned by men, deserted.
    -नाणक a. coinless, penniless; Mk.2.
    -नाथ a. without a guardian or master. ˚ता
    1 want of protection.
    -2 widowhood.
    -3 orphanage.
    -नाभि a. going or reaching beyond the navel; निर्नाभि कौशेयमुपात्तबाणम् Ku.7.7.
    -नायक a. having no leader or ruler, anarchic.
    -नाशन, -नाशिन् a. expelling, banishing.
    -निद्र a. sleepless, wakeful.
    -निमित्त a.
    1 causeless.
    -2 disinterested.
    -निमेष a. not twinkling.
    -बन्धु a. without kindred or relation, friendless.
    -बल n. powerless, weak, feeble.
    -बाध a.
    1 unobstructed.
    -2 unfrequented, lonely, solitary.
    -3 unmolested.
    (-धः) 1 a part of the marrow.
    -2 a knob.
    -बीज a. seedless, impotent. (
    -जा) a sort of grape (Mar. बेदाणा).
    -बुद्धि a. stupid, ignorant, foolish.
    -बुष, -बुस a. unhusked, freed from chaff.
    -भक्त a. taken without eating (as a medicine).
    -भय a.
    1 fearless, undaunted.
    -2 free from danger, safe, secure; निर्भयं तु भवेद्यस्य राष्ट्रं बाहुबलाश्रितम् Ms.9.255.
    -भर a.
    1 excessive, vehement, violent, much, strong; त्रपाभरनिर्भर- स्मरशर &c. Gīt.12; तन्व्यास्तिष्ठतु निर्भरप्रणयिता मानो$पि रम्यो- दयः Amaru.47.
    -2 ardent.
    -3 fast, close (as embrace); कुचकुम्भनिर्भरपरीरम्भामृतं वाञ्छति Gīt.; परिरभ्य निर्भरम् Gīt.1.
    -4 sound, deep (as sleep).
    -5 full of, filled with (at the end of comp.); आनन्द˚, गर्व˚ &c. (
    -रः) a servant receiving no wages. (
    -रम्) excess. (
    -रम् ind.)
    1 ex- cessively, exceedingly, intensely.
    -2 soundly.
    -भाग्य a. unfortunate, unlucky.
    -भाज्य a. to be separated; स निर्भाज्यः स्वकादंशात् किंचिद्दत्वोपजीवनम् Ms.9.27.
    -भृतिः a. without wages, hireless.
    -भोगः a. not fond of plea- sures.
    -मक्षिक a. 'free from flies', undisturbed, private, lonely. (
    -कम्) ind. without flies, i. e. lonely, private; कृतं भवतेदानीं निर्मक्षिकम् Ś.2,6.
    -मज्ज a. fatless, meagre.
    -मत्सर a. free from envy, unenvious; निर्मत्सरे मत्समे वत्स... वसुन्धराभारमारोप्य Rāmāyaṇachampū.
    -मत्स्य a. fishless.
    -मद a.
    1 not intoxicated, sober, quiet.
    -2 not proud, humble.
    -3 sad, sorry.
    -4 not in rut (as an elephant).
    -मनुज, -मनुष्य a. tenantless, uninhabited, deserted by men.
    -मन्तु a. faultless, innocent.
    -मन्त्र a.
    1 a ceremony, unaccompanied by holy texts.
    -2 not familiar with holy texts; Mb.12.36.43.
    -मन्यु, -मन्युक a. free from anger; Mb.5.133.4.
    -मम a.
    1 free from all connections with the outer world, who has renounced all worldly ties; संसारमिव निर्ममः (ततार) R.12.6; Bg.2.71; निराशीर्निर्ममो भूत्वा युध्यस्व विगतज्वरः 3.3.
    -2 unselfish, disinterested.
    -3 indifferent to (with loc.); निर्ममे निर्ममो$र्थेषु मथुरां मधुराकृतिः R.15.28; प्राप्तेष्वर्थेषु निर्ममाः Mb.
    -4 an epithet of Śiva.
    -मर्याद a.
    1 boundless, immeasurable.
    -2 transgressing the limits of right or propriety, unrestrained, unruly, sinful, criminal; मनुजपशुभिर्निर्मर्यादैर्भवद्भिरुदायुधैः Ve.3.22.
    -3 confused.
    -4 insolent, immodest. (
    -दम्) ind. confusedly, topsy- turvy. (
    -दम्) confusion, disorder.
    -मल a.
    1 free from dirt or impurities, clear, pure, stainless, unsullied (fig. also); नीरान्निर्मलतो जनिः Bv.1.63.
    -2 resplendent, bright; Bh.1.56.
    -3 sinless, virtuous; निर्मलाः स्वर्गमायान्ति सन्तः सुकृतिनो यथा Ms.8.318.
    (-लम्) 1 talc.
    -2 the remainings of an offering made to a deity. ˚उपलः a crystal.
    - मशक a. free from gnats.
    -मांस a. fleshless; स्वल्प- स्नायुवसावशेषमलिनं निर्मांसमप्यस्थिकम् Bh.2.3.
    -मान a.
    1 without self-confidence.
    -2 free from pride.
    -मानुष a. uninhabited, desolate.
    -मार्ग a. roadless, pathless.
    -मिथ्य a. not false, true; H. Yoga.
    -मुटः 1 a tree bearing large blossoms.
    -2 the sun.
    -3 a rogue. (
    -टम्) a large free market or fair.
    -मूल a.
    1 rootless (as a tree).
    -2 baseless, unfounded (statement, charge &c.).
    -3 eradicated.
    -मेघ a. cloudless.
    -मेध a. without un- derstanding, stupid, foolish, dull.
    -मोह a. free from illusion. (
    -हः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -यत्न a. inactive, lazy, dull.
    -यन्त्रण a.
    1 unrestrained, unobstructed, uncontrolled, unrestricted.
    -2 unruly, self-willed, in- dependent.
    (-णम्) 1 squeezing out.
    -2 absence of restraint, independence.
    -यशस्क a. without fame, dis- creditable, inglorious.
    -युक्त a.
    1 constructed, built.
    -2 directed.
    -3 (in music) limited to metre and mea- sure.
    -युक्ति f.
    1 disunion.
    -2 absence of connection or government.
    -3 unfitness, impropriety.
    -युक्तिक a.
    1 disjoined, unconnected.
    -2 illogical, unmeaning.
    -3 unfit, improper.
    -यूथ a. separated from the herd, strayed from the flock (as an elephant).
    -यूष = निर्यास.
    -योगक्षेम a. free from care (about acquisition); Bg.2. 45.
    -रक्त a. (
    -नीरक्त) colourless, faded.
    -रज, -रजस्क a.
    (-नीरज, नीरजस्क) 1 free from dust.
    -2 devoid of passion or darkness. (
    -जः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -रजस् (नरिजस्) a. see
    नीरज. (-f.) a woman not men- struating. ˚तमसा absence of passion or darkness.
    -रत (नीरत) a. not attached to, indifferent.
    -रन्ध्र a.
    (नीरन्ध्र) 1 without holes or interstices, very close or contiguous, thickly situated; नीरन्ध्रनीरनिचुलानि सरित्तटानि U.2.23.
    -2 thick, dense.
    -3 coarse, gross.
    -रव a. (
    -नीरव) not making any noise, noiseless; गतिविभ्रमसाद- नीरवा (रसना) R.8.58.
    -रस a.
    (नीरस) 1 tasteless, unsavoury, flavourless.
    -2 (fig.) insipid, without any poetic charm; नीरसानां पद्मानाम् S. D.1.
    -3 sapless, without juice, withered or dried up; Ś. Til.9.
    -4 vain, use- less, fruitless; अलब्धफलनीरसान् मम विधाय तस्मिन् जने V.2.11.
    -5 disagreeable.
    -6 cruel, merciless. (
    -सः) the pomegranate.
    - रसन a. (
    नीरसन) having no girdle (रसना); Ki.5.11.
    -रुच् a. (
    नीरुच्) without lustre, faded, dim; परिमलरुचिराभिर्न्यक्कृतास्तु प्रभाते युवतिभिरुप- भोगान्नीरुचः पुष्पमालाः Śi.11.27.
    -रुज्, -रुज a. (नीरुज्, नीरुज) free from sickness, healthy, sound; नीरुजस्य किमौषधैः H.1.
    -रूप a. (नीरूप) formless, shapeless.
    (-पः) 1 air, wind.
    -2 a god. (
    -पम्) ether.
    -रोग a. (नीरोग) free from sickness or disease, healthy, sound; यथा नेच्छति नीरोगः कदाचित् सुचिकित्सकम् Pt.1.118.
    -लक्षण a.
    1 having no auspicious marks, ill-featured.
    -2 undisting- uished.
    -3 unimportant, insignificant.
    -4 unspotted.
    -5 having a white back.
    -लक्ष्य a. invisible.
    -लज्ज a. shameless, impudent.
    -लाञ्छनम् the marking of dome- stic animals (by perforating the nose &c.).
    -लिङ्ग a. having no distinguishing or characteristic marks.
    -लिप्त a.
    1 unanointed.
    -2 undefiled, unsullied.
    -3 indifferent to.
    (-प्तः) 1 N. of Kṛiṣṇa.
    -2 a sage.
    -लून a. cut through or off.
    -लेप a.
    1 unsmeared, unanointed; निर्लेपं काञ्चनं भाण्डमद्भिरेव विशुध्यति Ms.5.112.
    -2 stainless, sinless. (
    -पः) a sage.
    -लोभ a. free from desire or avarice, unavaricious.
    -लोमन् a. devoid of hair, hairless.
    -वंश a. without posterity, childless.
    1 not speaking, silent.
    -2 unobjectionable, blameless; (for other senses see the word separately).
    -नम् ind. silently; माल्येन तां निर्वचनं जघान Ku.7.19.
    -वण, -वन a.
    1 being out of a wood.
    -2 free from woods.
    -3 bare, open.
    -वत्सल a. not loving or fondling (esp. children); निर्वत्सले सुतशतस्य विपत्तिमेतां त्वं नानुचिन्तयसि Ve.5.3.
    -वर = निर्दरम् q. v.
    -वसु a. destitute of wealth, poor.
    -वाच्य a.
    1 not fit to be said.
    -2 blameless, unobjectionable; सखीषु निर्वाच्य- मधार्ष्ट्यदूषितं प्रियाङ्गसंश्लेषमवाप मानिनी Ki.8.48.
    -वात a. free or sheltered from wind, calm, still; हिमनिष्यन्दिनी प्रातर्निर्वातेव वनस्थली R.15.66. (
    -तः) a place sheltered from or not exposed to wind; निर्वाते व्यजनम् H.2.124.
    -वानर a. free from monkeys.
    -वायस a. free from crows.
    -वार्य a.
    1 irresistible.
    -2 acting fearlessly or boldly.
    -विकल्प, -विकल्पक a.
    1 not admitting an alternative.
    -2 being without determination or resolu- tion.
    -3 not capable of mutual relation.
    -4 conditioned.
    -5 undeliberative.
    -6 recognizing no such distinction as that of subject and object, or of the knower and the known; as applied to समाधि or contemplation, it is 'an exclusive concentration upon the one entity without distinct and separate consciousness of the knower, the known, and the knowing, and without even self-consciousness'; निर्विकल्पकः ज्ञातृज्ञानादिविकल्पभेद- लयापेक्षः; नो चेत् चेतः प्रविश सहसा निर्विकल्पे समाधौ Bh.3.61; आत्मारामा विहितरतयो निर्विकल्पे समाधौ Ve.1.23.
    -7 (in phil.) not arising from the relation of the qualifier and the qualified, (विशेषणविशेष्यसंबन्धानवगाहि प्रत्यक्षं ज्ञानम्) said of knowledge not derived from the senses, as घटत्व. (
    -ल्पम्) ind. without hesitation or wavering.
    -विकार a.
    1 unchanged, unchangeable, immutable.
    -2 not dispos- ed; तौ स्थास्यतस्ते नृपती निदेशे परस्परावग्रहनिर्विकारौ M.5.14.
    -3 disinterested; तरुविटपलतानां बान्धवो निर्विकारः Ṛs.2.28. (
    -रः) the Supreme deity.
    -विकास a. unblown.
    -विघ्न a. uninterrupted, unobstructed, free from impediments; निर्विघ्नं कुरु मे देव सर्वकार्येषु सर्वदा. (
    -घ्नम्) absence of impedi- ment.
    -विचार a. not reflecting, thoughtless, incon- siderate; रे रे स्वैरिणि निर्विचारकविते मास्मत्प्रकाशीभव Chandr. 1.2. (
    -रम्) ind. thoughtlessly, unhesitatingly.
    -वि- चिकित्स a. free from doubt or reflection.
    -विचेष्ट a. motionless, insensible; यो हि दिष्टमुपासीनो निर्विचेष्टः सुखं शयेत् Mb.3.32.14.
    -वितर्क a. unreflecting.
    -विनोद a. without amusement, void of pastime, diversion or solace; शङ्के रात्रौ गुरुतरशुचं निर्विनोदां सखीं ते Me.9.
    -विन्ध्या N. of a river in the Vindhya hills; निर्विन्ध्यायाः पथि भव रसाभ्यन्तरः सन्निपत्य Me.28.
    -विमर्श a.
    1 void of reflec- tion, thoughtless.
    -2 not having विमर्श Sandhi.
    -विवर a.
    1 having no opening or cavity.
    2 without interstices or interval, close, compact; घटते हि संहततया जनितामिदमेव निर्विवरतां दधतोः Śi.9.44.
    -विवाद a.
    1 not contending or disagreeing.
    -2 undisputed, not contra- dicted or disputed, universally acknowledged.
    -विवेक a. indiscreet, void of judgment, wanting in discrimination, foolish.
    -विशङ्क a. fearless, undaunted, confident; Ms.7.176; यस्मिन्कृत्यं समावेश्य निर्विशङ्केन चेतसा । आस्यते सेवकः स स्यात् कलत्रमिव चापरम् ॥ Pt.1.85.
    -विशेष a. showing or making no difference, indiscriminating, without dis- tinction; निर्विशेषा वयं त्वयि Mb.; निर्विशेषो विशेषः Bh.3.5. 'a difference without distinction'.
    -2 having no difference, same, like, not differing from (oft. in comp.); निर्विशेषाकृति 'having the same form'; प्रवातनीलो- त्पलनिर्विशेषम् Ku.1.46; स निर्विशेषप्रतिपत्तिरासीत् R.14.22.
    -3 indiscriminate, promiscuous. (
    -षः) absence of difference. (निर्विशेषम् and निर्विशेषेण are used adverbially in the sense of 'without difference', 'equally', indiscrimi- nately'; क्रुद्धेन विप्रमुक्तो$यं निर्विशेषं प्रियाप्रिये Rām.7.22.41. स्वगृहनिर्विशेषमत्र स्थीयताम् H.1; R.5.6.).
    -विशेषण a. without attributes.
    -विष a. poisonless (as a snake); निर्विषा डुण्डुभाः स्मृताः.
    -विषङ्ग a. not attached, indifferent.
    -विषय a.
    1 expelled or driven away from one's home, residence or proper place; मनोनिर्विषयार्थकामया Ku.5.38; R.9.32; also
    -निर्विषयीकृत; वने प्राक्कलनं तीर्थं ये ते निर्विषयी- कृताः Rām.2.14.4.
    -2 having no scope or sphere of action; किंच एवं काव्यं प्रविरलविषयं निर्विषयं वा स्यात् S. D.1.
    -3 not attached to sensual objects (as mind).
    -विषाण a. destitute of horns.
    -विहार a. having no pleasure.
    -वीज, -बीज a.
    1 seedless.
    -2 impotent.
    -3 causeless.
    -वीर a.
    1 deprived of heroes; निर्वीरमुर्वीतलम् P. R.1.31.
    -2 cowardly.
    -वीरा a woman whose husband and children are dead.
    -वीर्य a. powerless, feeble, unmanly, impotent; निर्वीर्यं गुरुशापभाषितवशात् किं मे तवेवायुधम् Ve.3.34.
    -वीरुध, -वृक्ष a. treeless.
    -वृत्ति f. accomplishment, achievement; अत आसां निर्वृत्त्या अपवर्गः स्यात् । आतण्डुलनिर्वृत्तेः आ च पिष्टनिर्वृत्तेरभ्यास इति ॥ ŚB. on MS.11.1.27. -a. having no occupation, destitute. See निर्वृति.
    -वृष a. depriv- ed of bulls.
    -वेग a. not moving, quiet, calm.
    -वेतन a honorary, unsalaried.
    -वेद a. not acknowledging the Vedas, an atheist, infidel.
    -वेष्टनम् a. a weaver's shuttle.
    -वैर a. free from enmity, amicable, peaceable. (
    -रम्) absence of enmity.
    -वैलक्ष्य a. shameless.
    -व्यञ्जन a.
    1 straight-forward.
    -2 without condiment. (
    -नम् ind.) plainly, in a straight-forward or honest manner.
    -व्यथ, -न a.
    1 free from pain.
    -2 quiet, calm.
    -व्यथनम् a hole; छिद्रं निर्व्यथनम् Ak.
    -व्यपेक्ष a. indifferent to, regardless of; मृग्यश्च दर्भाङ्कुरनिर्व्यपेक्षास्तवागतिज्ञं समबोधयन् माम् R.13.25;14.39.
    -व्यलीक a.
    1 not hurting or offending.
    -2 without pain.
    -3 pleased, doing anything willingly.
    -4 sincere, genuine, undissembling.
    -व्यवधान a. (ground) uncovered, bare.
    -व्यवश्थ a. moving hither and thither.
    -व्यसन a. free from bad inclination.
    -व्याकुल a. calm.
    -व्याघ्र a. not haunted or infested by tigers.
    -व्याज a.
    1 candid, upright, honest, plain.
    -2 without fraud, true, genuine.
    -3 got by heroism or daring deeds (not by fraud or cowardly conduct); अशस्त्रपूतनिर्व्याजम् (महामांसम्) Māl.5.12. (v. l.)
    -4 not hypocritical; धर्मस्य निर्व्याजता (विभूषणम्) Bh.2.82. (
    -जम् ind.) plainly, honestly, candidly; निर्व्याजमालिङ्गितः Amaru.85.
    -व्याजीकृत a. made plain, freed from deceit.
    -व्यापार a.
    1 without employment or business, free from occupation; तं दधन्मैथिलीकण्ठनिर्व्यापारेण बाहुना R.15.56.
    -2 motionless; U.6.
    -व्यावृत्ति a. not invol- ving any return (to worldly existence).
    -व्रण a.
    1 un- hurt, without wounds.
    -2 without rents.
    -व्रत a. not observing vows.
    -व्रीड a. shameless, impudent.
    -हिमम् cessation of winter.
    -हेति a. weaponless.
    -हेतु a. cause- less, having no cause or reason.
    -ह्रीक a.
    1 shameless, impudent.
    -2 bold, daring.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > निर् _nir

  • 12 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 13 критиковать

    1) General subject: animadvert, attack, be censorious of, be censorious upon, be severe upon, blast, carp, criticise, criticize, damn, potshoot, pull apart, sit in judgement, sit in judgment, slag off, sound off, start in, tee off, tilt (в выступлении, в печати и т. п.), to be censorious of, wade, criticize for (кого-л. за что-л.), bash (I don't want to bash the government, they've been pretty good to us.), take a lot of flak for sth. from sb. (страдат. залог: Его сильно критиковали - Mayor Robertson took a lot of flak for that decision from local residents.), take a shot (at), take shots (at), discommend, subject to criticism, critique, oppose, level criticism at, rubbish, hate on smt
    2) Colloquial: get back (кого-л.), slate, take off (on; кого-л.)
    3) American: slam, smack
    4) Bookish: ultracrepidate
    5) Australian slang: kick( smb.'s) butt in (кого-л.), knock, pick holes in, pick on, pick to pieces (особенно по мелочам), put shit on, throw off at
    6) Diplomatic term: assail, dig at (кого-л.), take a potentiality at (что-л.), tax
    7) Jargon: bitch, let ( someone) have it, on (someone's) back, put the whammy on (someone or something), tee up, get down (Do not get down on me. I didn't do it.Не критикуй меня. Я не делал этого.), dish out, give a lot of stick, bad-mouth, boot, down, knock down, poor-mouth, pop off, put (something or someone) down, put the slug on (someone), sconce (кого-либо), take (someone; something) apart
    9) Makarov: pass judgement on (smb.) (особ. свысока; кого-л.), pass judgement upon (smb.) (особ. свысока; кого-л.), pick (at), pick a hole in (smth.), pick holes in (smth.), pick to apart, pick to pieces, riddle
    10) Taboo: tear somebody's ass (кого-л.)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > критиковать

  • 14 неквалифицированный

    2) Military: unrated
    3) Economy: inapt
    5) Psychology: unfitted
    6) Business: raw, unqualified
    7) Makarov: rough
    8) Logistics: nonclassified
    9) Phraseological unit: amateur hour (A situation or activity in which the participants show a lack of skill, sound judgment, or professionalism.)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > неквалифицированный

  • 15 Anspruch

    Anspruch m 1. GEN title (auf Sachen); 2. PAT claim; 3. PERS entitlement, claim, right; 4. SOZ claim (Sozialfürsorge); 5. STEUER, VERSICH claim, entitlement; 6. GEN, RECHT claim • Anspruch auf Urlaubsgeld haben 1. PERS qualify for holiday pay, be entitled to holiday pay; 2. RECHT (AE) be entitled to vacation pay • Anspruch erheben auf RECHT lay claim to • Anspruch haben auf PERS, SOZ be eligible for, be entitled to, qualify for • Anspruch wiedererwerben für RECHT, SOZ re-establish eligibility for, re-qualify for • Anspruch zurückweisen RECHT reject a claim • einen Anspruch begründen RECHT substantiate a claim • einen Anspruch durchsetzen RECHT enforce a claim (Vertragsrecht) • einen Anspruch erheben RECHT claim, make a claim • einen Anspruch gegen jmdn. erheben RECHT, VERSICH assert a claim against sb, make a claim against sb • einen Anspruch geltend machen RECHT enforce a claim, advance a claim, assert a claim (Vertragsrecht) • einen Anspruch regulieren VERSICH adjust a claim • ex Anspruch RECHT ex claim • jeglichen Anspruch fallen lassen RECHT abandon any claim, relinquish any claim, drop any claim • jmds. Dienste in Anspruch nehmen GEN retain sb’s services • jmds. Dienste in Anspruch nehmen GEN retain sb’s services • nicht in Anspruch genommen GEN not utilized, not claimed • seinen Anspruch aufrechterhalten RECHT sustain one’s claim
    * * *
    m 1. < Geschäft> auf Sachen title; 2. < Patent> claim; 3. < Person> entitlement, claim, right; 4. < Sozial> Sozialfürsorge claim; 5. <Steuer, Versich> claim, entitlement ■ Anspruch auf Leistungen haben < Sozial> be eligible for benefit, be entitled benefit, qualify for benefit ■ Anspruch auf Urlaubsgeld haben < Person> qualify for holiday pay, be entitled to holiday pay < Recht> be entitled to vacation pay (AE) ■ Anspruch erheben auf < Recht> lay claim to ■ Anspruch haben auf <Person, Sozial> be eligible for, be entitled to, qualify for ■ Anspruch zurückweisen < Recht> reject a claim ■ einen Anspruch begründen < Recht> substantiate a claim ■ einen Anspruch durchsetzen < Recht> Vertragsrecht enforce a claim ■ einen Anspruch erheben < Recht> claim, put in a claim, set up a claim ■ einen Anspruch gegen jmdn. erheben <Recht, Versich> assert a claim against sb, make a claim against sb ■ einen Anspruch geltend machen < Recht> Vertragsrecht enforce a claim, advance a claim, assert a claim ■ einen Anspruch regulieren < Versich> adjust a claim ■ jeglichen Anspruch fallen lassen < Recht> abandon any claim, relinquish any claim, drop any claim ■ jmds. Dienste in Anspruch nehmen < Geschäft> retain sb's services ■ jmds. Dienste in Anspruch nehmen < Geschäft> retain sb's services ■ nicht in Anspruch genommen < Geschäft> nonutilized ■ seinen Anspruch aufrechterhalten < Recht> sustain one's claim
    * * *
    Anspruch
    (Anrecht) interest, right, (Forderung) demand, call, pretension, pretence, (Recht) title, right, claim;
    • abgetretener Anspruch assigned claim;
    • älterer Anspruch prior claim;
    • anerkannter Anspruch (Konkurs) proved claim (debt);
    • vertraglich anerkannter Anspruch liquidated damages;
    • befristeter Anspruch deferred claim;
    • begründeter Anspruch valid (legitimate) claim;
    • wohl begründeter Anspruch sound claim;
    • berechtigter Anspruch lawful (legitimate) claim;
    • einklagbarer Anspruch enforceable claim;
    • entgegenstehender Anspruch adverse claim, (Patentrecht) conflicting claim;
    • fälliger Anspruch mature debt;
    • sofort fälliger Anspruch immediate right;
    • festgestellter Anspruch liquidated claim, (gerichtlich) judgment debt;
    • fingierter Anspruch fictitious claim;
    • gesetzlicher Anspruch lawful claim;
    • durch den Stand der Technik neuheitsschädlich getroffener Anspruch (Patentrecht) claim met by the art;
    • obligatorischer Anspruch right of action;
    • plausibler Anspruch specious claim;
    • rechtmäßiger Anspruch equitable claim, legal demand;
    • rechtsgültiger Anspruch good title, legal claim;
    • scheinbarer Anspruch specious claim;
    • schuldrechtlicher Anspruch contractual(debt) claim;
    • seerechtlicher Anspruch maritime claim;
    • unbegründeter Anspruch bad claim;
    • noch unentschiedener Anspruch dormant claim;
    • unverjährbarer Anspruch indefeasible title;
    • gesetzlich verankerter Anspruch claim anchored into law;
    • verfallener Anspruch forfeited claim;
    • verjährter Anspruch stale demand, non-claim, outlawed claim (US), claim barred by the Statute of Limitations;
    • fast verjährter Anspruch stale demand;
    • vermögensrechtlicher Anspruch interest in property;
    • vollstreckbarer Anspruch enforceable claim;
    • vorgehender Anspruch prior claim;
    • vorrangiger Anspruch (Grundbuch) prior charge;
    • rechtlich zweifelhafter Anspruch doubtful claim;
    • Anspruch auf die gleichen Aus- und Weiterbildungsmöglichkeiten right to the same training and educational opportunities;
    • Anspruch auf Beförderung zu verbilligten Frachtsätzen transit privilege;
    • Anspruch auf bevorrechtigte Befriedigung (Konkursrecht) privileged debt, preferential claim;
    • Anspruch auf Erstattung der Kosten für die Anreise der Familienmitglieder und den Gepäcktransport family passage and baggage entitlement;
    • Anspruch in Höhe des Anteils pro rata benefit;
    • Anspruch auf Invalidenrente disablement claim;
    • Anspruch auf Schadenersatz claim for damages;
    • Anspruch auf Schadenfreiheitsrabatt no-claim discount entitlement (Br.);
    • Anspruch aus einer Sterbeversicherung death claim;
    • Anspruch auf Unterstützung right of support;
    • Anspruch auf Vertragsbeendigung right to end the agreement;
    • gesetzlicher Anspruch auf Wiederanstellung legal right to reinstatement;
    • Anspruch auf betriebliche Zuschüsse zur Arbeitslosenunterstützung supplementary unemployment insurance credit;
    • Anspruch in bar abfinden to buy up a claim for cash;
    • einen Anspruch abwehren to dispute a claim;
    • Anspruch abweisen to disallow a claim;
    • Anspruch dem Grunde nach anerkennen to admit a claim on its merits;
    • Anspruch anmelden to notify a claim, (Konkurs) to file a claim, to prove a debt;
    • Anspruch aufrechterhalten to sustain a claim;
    • Anspruch befriedigen to satisfy (answer, settle) a claim;
    • Anspruch voll befriedigen to make satisfaction of a debt;
    • Anspruch im Wege des Vergleichs befriedigen to compromise a claim;
    • Anspruch bestreiten to reject (dispute, resist) a claim;
    • Anspruch bewerten to assess a claim;
    • Anspruch zu Fall bringen to defeat a claim, to rebut an equity;
    • Anspruch auf Schadenersatz erhalten to be awarded entitlement to damages;
    • Anspruch erheben to lay (set up a) claim to, to pretend;
    • Anspruch als Gläubiger erheben to rank as creditor;
    • eines Anspruchs verlustig gehen to forfeit a right;
    • Anspruch auf etw. haben to be eligible for s. th.;
    • Anspruch auf ein Patent haben to be entitled to a patent; Anspruch
    • auf Sozialleistungen haben to be entitled to benefits;
    • Anspruch auf Unterhalt haben to be entitled to an allowance, to have a right of support;
    • Anspruch auf kostenlose medizinische Versorgung haben to be entitled to free medical care;
    • Kapitalmarkt in Anspruch nehmen können to have access (recourse) to the capital market;
    • Anspruch fallen lassen to abandon a claim;
    • Anspruch geltend machen to advance (assert, raise, set up) a claim;
    • seinen Anspruch glaubhaft machen to establish (authenticate) one’s claim;
    • Anspruch als berechtigt nachweisen to establish one’s claim, (Konkurs) to prove a debt;
    • j. beruflich in Anspruch nehmen to consult s. o. professionally;
    • jds. Dienste in Anspruch nehmen to enlist s. one’s services;
    • Dienste (Hilfe) eines Anwalts in Anspruch nehmen to retain a lawyer;
    • Dienstleistungen anderer Banken in Anspruch nehmen to utilize the services of other banks;
    • j. finanziell in Anspruch nehmen to be a strain on s. one’s resources;
    • jds. Freizeit in Anspruch nehmen to trespass upon s. one’s spare time;
    • meinen Geldbeutel in Anspruch nehmen to be a drain on my purse;
    • ungenutzte Kapazitäten in Anspruch nehmen to absorb idle capacities;
    • Kapitalmarkt [stark] in Anspruch nehmen to call (draw) heavily on the capital market;
    • Kredit in Anspruch nehmen to take up (make use of) a credit;
    • Kredite bei der Bank in erhöhtem Maße in Anspruch nehmen to increase the borrowings at the bank;
    • seine Reserven in Anspruch nehmen to fall back on one’s reserves;
    • von seinen Geschäften (geschäftlich) völlig in Anspruch genommen sein to have no vacation from business;
    • Anspruch mit unseriösen Mitteln sichern to maverick a claim (US);
    • einem Anspruch stattgeben to allow a claim;
    • auf einen Anspruch verzichten to abandon (quit) a claim, to renounce one’s title;
    • außerordentlich in Anspruch genommen werden to be taxed to the utmost;
    • Anspruch zedieren to assign a claim.
    befriedigen, Anspruch
    to satisfy a claim, to comply with a request;
    • Bedürfnisse befriedigen to supply the needs;
    • bevorzugt befriedigen to prefer;
    • seine Gläubiger befriedigen to satisfy (meet the claims of) one’s creditors;
    • seine Gläubiger im Vergleichswege befriedigen to compound with one’s creditors;
    • Nachfrage befriedigen to meet (satisfy) the demand;
    • j. voll befriedigen to pay s. o. in full;
    • Zahlungsansprüche befriedigen to meet demands for payment.

    Business german-english dictionary > Anspruch

  • 16 last

    I 1. adjective
    letzt...

    be last to arrive — als letzter/letzte ankommen

    for the [very] last time — zum [aller]letzten Mal

    who was last? — wer war letzter?

    the last two — die letzten beiden

    he came last — er war letzter

    second last, last but one — vorletzt...

    last but not least — last, not least; nicht zuletzt

    last evening/night was windy — gestern abend/gestern od. heute nacht war es windig

    last evening/week we were out — gestern abend/letzte Woche waren wir aus

    that would be the last thing to do in this situation — das wäre das Letzte, was man in dieser Situation tun würde

    2. adverb
    1) [ganz] zuletzt; als letzter/letzte [sprechen, ankommen]
    2) (on last previous occasion) das letzte Mal; zuletzt

    when did you last see him or see him last? — wann hast du ihn zuletzt od. das letzte Mal gesehen?

    3. noun

    you haven't heard the last of this matter — das letzte Wort in dieser Sache ist noch nicht gesprochen

    that was the last we ever saw of him — das war das letzte Mal, daß wir ihn gesehen haben

    2) (person or thing) letzter...

    I'm always the last to be told — ich bin immer der letzte, der etwas erfährt

    3) (day, moment[s])

    to or till the last — bis zuletzt; see also academic.ru/8875/breathe">breathe 2. 1)

    4)

    at [long] last — endlich; schließlich [doch noch]

    II intransitive verb
    1) (continue) andauern; [Wetter, Ärger:] anhalten

    last from... to... — von... bis... dauern

    it can't/won't last — das geht nicht mehr lange so

    it's too good to last — es ist zu schön, um von Dauer zu sein

    2) (manage to continue) es aushalten
    3) (suffice) reichen

    this knife will last [me] a lifetime — dies Messer hält mein ganzes Leben

    III noun
    (for shoemaker) Leisten, der
    * * *
    I 1. adjective
    1) (coming at the end: We set out on the last day of November; He was last in the race; He caught the last bus home.) letzt
    2) (most recent; next before the present: Our last house was much smaller than this; last year/month/week.) letzt
    3) (coming or remaining after all the others: He was the last guest to leave.) letzt
    2. adverb
    (at the end of or after all the others: He took his turn last.) zuletzt
    - lastly
    - at long last
    - at last
    - hear
    - see the last of
    - the last person
    - the last straw
    - the last thing
    - the last word
    - on one's last legs
    - to the last     II verb
    1) (to continue to exist: This situation lasted until she got married; I hope this fine weather lasts.) andauern
    2) (to remain in good condition or supply: This carpet has lasted well; The bread won't last another two days - we'll need more; This coat will last me until I die.) sich halten
    •
    - lasting
    - last out
    * * *
    last1
    [lɑ:st, AM læst]
    n Leisten m
    ▶ the cobbler should stick to his \last ( prov) Schuster, bleib bei deinem Leisten prov
    last2
    [lɑ:st, AM læst]
    I. adj inv
    1. attr (after all the others)
    ▪ the \last... der/die/das letzte...
    they caught the \last bus sie nahmen den letzten Bus
    to arrive/come \last als Letzte(r) f(m) ankommen/kommen
    to plan sth [down] to the \last detail etw bis ins kleinste Detail planen
    to do sth \last thing etw als Letztes tun
    I always switch on the washing machine \last thing [at night] ich mache als Letztes vor dem Schlafengehen immer noch die Waschmaschine an
    the second/third \last door die vor-/drittletzte Tür
    the \last one der/die/das Letzte
    our house is the \last one on the left before the traffic lights unser Haus ist das Letzte links vor der Ampel
    to be the \last one to do sth etw als Letzte(r) tun
    she was the \last one to arrive sie kam als Letzte an
    2. (lowest in order, rank) letzte(r, s)
    the Mets will surely finish the season in \last place die Mets werden am Ende der Saison sicher Tabellenletzte sein
    ▪ to be [or come] \last Letzte(r) f(m) sein; (in a race, competition) Letzte(r) f(m) werden
    to be fourth/third from \last Viert-/Drittletzte(r) f(m) sein
    to be \last but one [or next to \last] [or second [to] \last] Vorletzte(r) f(m) sein
    3. attr (final, remaining) letzte(r, s)
    I'll give you one \last chance ich gebe dir eine letzte Chance
    this is the \last time I do him a favour das ist das letzte Mal, dass ich ihm einen Gefallen tue
    can I have the \last piece of chocolate? darf ich das letzte Stück Schokolade essen?
    I'm down to my \last 50p ich habe nur noch 50 Pence
    it's our \last hope das ist unsere letzte Hoffnung
    these are the \last of our supplies das sind unsere letzten Vorräte
    he calculated the costs down to the \last penny er hat die Kosten bis auf den letzten Penny berechnet
    I'm almost finished — this is the \last but one box to empty ich bin fast fertig — das ist schon die vorletzte Kiste, die ich noch ausräumen muss
    to the \last man MIL bis auf den letzten Mann
    at the \last minute/moment in letzter Minute/im letzten Moment
    till/to the \last minute [or [possible] moment] bis zur letzten Minute/zum letzten Moment
    he always leaves important decisions to the \last possible moment er schiebt wichtige Entscheidungen immer bis zum letzten Moment hinaus
    he waited till the \last minute to submit an offer er wartete mit seinem Angebot bis zur letzten Minute
    as a [or BRIT also in the] \last resort im äußersten Notfall
    police are supposed to use guns only as a \last resort die Polizei soll nur im äußersten Notfall von der Waffe Gebrauch machen
    that's my \last word [on the subject] das ist mein letztes Wort [zu diesem Thema]
    to have the \last word das letzte Wort haben
    at long \last schließlich und endlich, zu guter Letzt
    at long \last the government is starting to listen to our problems endlich wird die Regierung einmal auf unsere Probleme aufmerksam
    4. attr (most recent, previous) letzte(r, s)
    when was the \last time you had a cigarette? wann hast du zum letzten Mal eine Zigarette geraucht?
    did you hear the storm \last night? hast du letzte Nacht den Sturm gehört?
    did you see the news on TV \last night? hast du gestern Abend die Nachrichten im Fernsehen gesehen?
    sb's \last album/book jds letztes Album/Buch
    \last month/November letzten Monat/November
    \last Sunday [or on Sunday \last] letzten Sonntag
    your letter of Sunday \last ( form) Ihr Brief von letztem Sonntag
    the results from \last Sunday:
    \last Sunday's results die Ergebnisse vom letzten Sonntag
    \last week/year letzte Woche/letztes Jahr
    the week/year before \last vorletzte Woche/vorletztes Jahr
    in the \last five years in den letzten fünf Jahren
    5. attr (most unlikely)
    ▪ the \last sb/sth der/die/das Letzte
    she was the \last person I expected to see sie hätte ich am allerwenigsten erwartet
    the \last thing I wanted was to make you unhappy das Letzte, was ich wollte, war dich unglücklich zu machen
    he's the \last person I want to see at the moment er ist der Letzte, den ich im Moment sehen möchte
    the \last thing she needed is a husband eine Ehemann hatte ihr gerade noch gefehlt! iron
    6.
    ▶ to have the \last laugh zuletzt lachen fig; (show everybody) es allen zeigen
    I'll have the \last laugh [over you]! dir werd ich's schon noch zeigen! fam
    ▶ the \last laugh is on sb jd lacht zuletzt fig
    ▶ sth is on its \last legs ( fam) etw gibt bald den Geist auf [o macht es nicht mehr lange] fam
    the foundry business was on its \last legs das Gießereigeschäft pfiff auf dem letzten Loch sl
    ▶ sb is on their \last legs ( fam: very tired) jd ist fix und fertig fam, jd pfeift auf dem letzten Loch sl; (near to death) jd macht es nicht mehr lange fam
    ▶ to be the \last straw das Fass [endgültig] zum Überlaufen bringen fig
    ▶ to be the \last word ( fam) zurzeit das Beste [o Nonplusultra] sein
    digital audio is the \last word in sound reproduction digitales Audio ist zurzeit das Nonplusultra im Bereich der Klangwiedergabe
    II. adv inv
    1. (most recently) das letzte Mal, zuletzt
    I \last saw him three weeks ago ich habe ihn zuletzt [o das letzte Mal] vor drei Wochen gesehen
    when did you have a cigarette \last [or \last have a cigarette]? wann hast du das letzte Mal geraucht?
    2. (after the others) als Letzte(r, s)
    the horse came in \last das Pferd kam als Letztes ins Ziel
    until \last bis zuletzt [o zum Schluss
    3. (lastly) zuletzt, zum Schluss
    \last, and most important... der letzte und wichtigste Punkt...
    and \last, I'd like to thank you all for coming und zum Schluss möchte ich Ihnen allen dafür danken, dass Sie gekommen sind
    \last but not [or by no means] least nicht zu vergessen, nicht zuletzt
    \last but not least, I'd like to thank you for coming und ich möchte mich nicht zuletzt auch für ihr Kommen bedanken
    III. n
    <pl ->
    ▪ the \last der/die/das Letzte
    she was the \last to arrive sie kam als Letzte
    the \last but one esp BRIT, AUS [or AM the next to \last] der/die/das Vorletzte
    to be the \last to do sth als Letzte(r) f(m) etw tun
    why are they always the \last to arrive? warum kommen sie immer als Letzte?
    why is he always the \last to be told? warum erfährt er immer alles als Letzter?
    2. (only one left, final one)
    ▪ the \last der/die/das Letzte
    she was the \last of the great educational reformers sie war die Letzte der großen Schulreformer
    to breathe one's \last den letzten Atemzug tun
    ▪ the \last der letzte Rest
    that was the \last of the real coffee das war der letzte Rest Bohnenkaffee
    the \last of the ice cream/strawberries der letzte Rest Eis/Erdbeeren
    4. (most recent, previous one)
    ▪ the \last der/die/das Letzte
    the \last we heard of her was that... das Letzte, was wir von ihr hörten, war, dass...
    the \last I heard she had lost her job das Letzte was ich von ihr weiß ist, dass sie ihren Job verloren hatte
    the \last we heard from her,... als wir das letzte Mal von ihr hörten,...
    the \last we saw of her,... als wir sie das letzte Mal sahen,...
    that was the \last we saw of her das war das letzte Mal, das wir sie gesehen haben, seitdem haben wir sie nie wieder gesehen
    5. usu sing SPORT (last position) letzter Platz
    Lion Cavern came from \last in a slowly run race Lion Cavern holte in einem langsamen Rennen vom letzten Platz auf
    ▪ the \last die letzte Runde
    7. ( fam: end)
    the dying embers sparked their \last die Funken verglühten
    you haven't heard the \last of this! das letzte Wort ist hier noch nicht gesprochen!
    we'll never hear the \last of it if they win wenn sie gewinnen, müssen wir uns das endlos anhören fam
    to see the \last of sth ( fam) etw nie wieder sehen müssen
    at \last endlich
    I've finished my essay at \last! endlich habe ich meinen Essay fertig!
    to the \last ( form: until the end) bis zuletzt; (utterly) durch und durch
    to defend one's principles to the \last seine Prinzipien bis zuletzt verteidigen
    she is patriotic to the \last sie ist durch und durch patriotisch
    last3
    [lɑ:st, AM læst]
    I. vi
    1. (go on for) [an]dauern
    it was only a short trip, but very enjoyable while it \lasted die Reise war zwar nur kurz, aber insgesamt sehr angenehm
    to \last [for] a month/week einen Monat/eine Woche dauern
    the rain is expected to \last all weekend der Regen soll das gesamte Wochenende anhalten
    2. (endure) halten; enthusiasm, intentions anhalten
    this is too good to \last das ist zu gut, um wahr zu sein
    it's the only battery we've got, so make it \last wir habe nur diese eine Batterie — verwende sie also sparsam
    her previous secretary only \lasted a month ihre vorige Sekretärin blieb nur einen Monat
    you won't \last long in this job if... du wirst diesen Job nicht lange behalten, wenn...
    he wouldn't \last five minutes in the army! er würde keine fünf Minuten beim Militär überstehen!
    built to \last für die Ewigkeit gebaut
    II. vt
    ▪ to \last sb supplies etc [aus]reichen; car, machine halten
    we've only got enough supplies to \last us a week unsere Vorräte werden nur eine Woche reichen
    to \last five years fünf Jahre halten
    to \last [sb] a lifetime ein Leben lang halten
    if you look after your teeth they will \last you a lifetime wenn du deine Zähne gut pflegst, wirst du sie dein Leben lang behalten
    * * *
    I [lAːst]
    1. adj
    1) letzte(r, s)

    the last but one, the second last (one) — der/die/das Vorletzte

    (the) last one there buys the drinks! — der Letzte or wer als Letzter ankommt, zahlt die Getränke

    last Monday, on Monday last — letzten Montag

    last year — letztes Jahr, im vorigen Jahr

    during the last 20 years, these last 20 years — in den letzten 20 Jahren

    last but not least — nicht zuletzt, last not least

    2)

    (= most unlikely, unsuitable etc) that's the last thing I worry about — das ist das Letzte, worüber ich mir Sorgen machen würde

    that's the last thing I wanted to happen —

    he's the last person I want to see — er ist der Letzte, den ich sehen möchte

    you're the last person to be entrusted with it — du bist der Letzte, dem man das anvertrauen kann

    2. n
    1) (= final one or part, one before) der/die/das Letzte

    he withdrew the last of his money from the bank — er hob sein letztes Geld von der Bank ab

    that was the last we saw of him —

    the last we heard of him was... — das Letzte, was wir von ihm hörten, war...

    that was the last we heard of it/him — seitdem haben wir nichts mehr darüber/von ihm gehört

    I hope this is the last we'll hear of it — ich hoffe, damit ist die Sache erledigt

    the last I heard, they were getting married — das Letzte, was ich gehört habe, war, dass sie heiraten

    I shall be glad to see the last of this/him — ich bin froh, wenn ich das hinter mir habe/wenn ich den los bin (inf) or wenn ich den nicht mehr sehe

    we shall never hear the last of it —

    2)
    3. adv
    II
    1. vt

    it will last me/a careful user a lifetime — das hält/bei vernünftiger Benutzung hält es ein Leben lang

    I didn't think he'd last the week — ich hätte nicht gedacht, dass er die Woche durchhält

    2. vi
    (= continue) dauern; (= remain intact cloth, flowers, marriage) halten

    it's too good to last — das ist zu schön, um wahr zu sein

    he'll stay as long as the beer lasts — er bleibt, solange Bier da ist

    will this material last? — ist dieses Material haltbar or dauerhaft?

    III
    n
    Leisten m

    cobbler, stick to your last! — Schuster, bleib bei deinem Leisten!

    * * *
    last1 [lɑːst; US læst]
    A adj (adv → lastly)
    1. letzt(er, e, es):
    the last two die beiden Letzten;
    last but one vorletzt(er, e, es);
    last but two drittletzt(er, e, es);
    for the last time zum letzten Mal;
    to the last man bis auf den letzten Mann;
    the Last Day REL der Jüngste Tag;
    Last Frontier US (Beiname für den Staat) Alaska n;
    last letter Abschiedsbrief m;
    last name bes US Familien-, Nach-, Zuname m;
    last number recall ( oder redial) TEL Wahlwiederholung f;
    last rites REL Sterbesakramente;
    last thing als Letztes (besonders vor dem Schlafengehen);
    be last SPORT etc an letzter Stelle liegen; → home A 4, honor B 2, judgment 6 b, etc
    2. letzt(er, e, es), vorig(er, e, es):
    last Monday, Monday last (am) letzten oder vorigen Montag;
    a) gestern Abend,
    b) in der vergangenen Nacht, letzte Nacht;
    last week in der letzten oder vorigen Woche, letzte oder vorige Woche
    3. neuest(er, e, es), letzt(er, e, es):
    the last thing in jazz das Neueste im Jazz; → word Bes Redew
    4. letzt(er, e, es) (allein übrig bleibend):
    5. letzt(er, e, es), endgültig, entscheidend: → word Bes Redew
    6. äußerst(er, e, es):
    the last degree der höchste Grad;
    of the last importance von höchster Bedeutung;
    my last price mein äußerster oder niedrigster Preis
    the last man I would choose der Letzte, den ich wählen würde;
    he was the last person I expected to see mit ihm oder mit seiner Gegenwart hatte ich am wenigsten gerechnet;
    the last thing I would do das Letzte, was ich tun würde;
    this is the last thing to happen es ist sehr unwahrscheinlich, dass das geschieht
    8. letzt(er, e, es), miserabelst(er, e, es), scheußlichst(er, e, es):
    B adv
    1. zuletzt, als Letzt(er, e, es), an letzter Stelle:
    he came last er kam als Letzter;
    last but not least last, (but) not least; nicht zuletzt; nicht zu vergessen;
    last of all zuallerletzt, ganz zuletzt
    2. zuletzt, zum letzten Mal:
    3. schließlich, zu guter Letzt
    4. letzt…:
    last-mentioned letztgenannt, -erwähnt
    C s
    1. (der, die, das) Letzte:
    the last to arrive der Letzte, der ankam;
    he was the last to come er kam als Letzter;
    he would be the last to say such a thing er wäre der Letzte, der so etwas sagen würde
    2. (der, die, das) Letzte oder Letztgenannte
    3. umg kurz für last baby, last letter etc:
    I wrote in my last ich schrieb in meinem letzten Brief;
    this is our last das ist unser Jüngstes
    4. umg
    a) letzte Erwähnung
    b) letztmaliger Anblick
    c) letztes Mal: → Bes Redew
    5. Ende n:
    a) Schluss m
    b) Tod m: → Bes RedewBesondere Redewendungen: at last
    a) endlich,
    b) schließlich, zuletzt;
    at long last schließlich (doch noch), nach langem Warten;
    a) bis zum Äußersten,
    b) bis zum Ende oder Schluss,
    c) bis zum Tod;
    breathe one’s last seinen letzten Atemzug tun, sein Leben aushauchen;
    a) zum letzten Male hören von,
    b) nichts mehr hören von;
    we’ve seen the last of him den sehen wir nie mehr wieder;
    we’ll never see the last of that guy den Kerl werden wir nie mehr los
    last2 [lɑːst; US læst]
    A v/i
    1. (an-, fort)dauern:
    too good to last zu schön, um lange zu währen
    2. bestehen:
    3. auch last out durch-, aus-, standhalten, sich halten:
    he won’t last much longer er wird es nicht mehr lange machen (auch Kranker);
    he didn’t last long in that job er hat es in dieser Stelle nicht lange ausgehalten
    4. (sich) halten:
    the paint will last die Farbe wird halten;
    the book will last das Buch wird sich (lange) halten;
    last well haltbar sein
    5. auch last out (aus)reichen, genügen:
    while the money lasts solange das Geld reicht;
    while stocks last solange der Vorrat reicht;
    we must make our supplies last wir müssen mit unseren Vorräten auskommen
    B v/t
    1. jemandem reichen:
    it will last us a week damit kommen wir eine Woche aus
    a) überdauern, -leben,
    b) (es mindestens) ebenso lange aushalten wie
    last3 [lɑːst; US læst] s Leisten m:
    put shoes on the last Schuhe über den Leisten schlagen;
    stick to one’s last fig bei seinem Leisten bleiben
    last4 [lɑːst; US læst] s Last f (Gewicht oder Hohlmaß, verschieden nach Ware und Ort, meist etwa 4000 englische Pfund oder 30 hl)
    * * *
    I 1. adjective
    letzt...

    be last to arrive — als letzter/letzte ankommen

    for the [very] last time — zum [aller]letzten Mal

    second last, last but one — vorletzt...

    last but not least — last, not least; nicht zuletzt

    last evening/night was windy — gestern abend/gestern od. heute nacht war es windig

    last evening/week we were out — gestern abend/letzte Woche waren wir aus

    that would be the last thing to do in this situation — das wäre das Letzte, was man in dieser Situation tun würde

    2. adverb
    1) [ganz] zuletzt; als letzter/letzte [sprechen, ankommen]
    2) (on last previous occasion) das letzte Mal; zuletzt

    when did you last see him or see him last? — wann hast du ihn zuletzt od. das letzte Mal gesehen?

    3. noun
    1) (mention, sight)

    that was the last we ever saw of him — das war das letzte Mal, daß wir ihn gesehen haben

    2) (person or thing) letzter...

    I'm always the last to be told — ich bin immer der letzte, der etwas erfährt

    3) (day, moment[s])

    to or till the last — bis zuletzt; see also breathe 2. 1)

    4)

    at [long] last — endlich; schließlich [doch noch]

    II intransitive verb
    1) (continue) andauern; [Wetter, Ärger:] anhalten

    last from... to... — von... bis... dauern

    it can't/won't last — das geht nicht mehr lange so

    it's too good to last — es ist zu schön, um von Dauer zu sein

    2) (manage to continue) es aushalten
    3) (suffice) reichen

    this knife will last [me] a lifetime — dies Messer hält mein ganzes Leben

    III noun
    (for shoemaker) Leisten, der
    * * *
    adj.
    letzt adj.
    letzter adj.
    letztes adj.
    vorig adj.
    zuletzt adj. (weather) v.
    andauern (Wetter) v. v.
    andauern v.
    dauern v.

    English-german dictionary > last

См. также в других словарях:

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